Create shortcuts

Shortcuts deliver specific types of content to your users by helping them quickly access parts of your app.

How you deliver content with shortcuts depends on your use case and whether the shortcut's context is app-driven or user-driven. Although a static shortcut's context doesn't change and a dynamic shortcut's context constantly changes, the context in both cases is driven by your app. In cases where a user chooses how they want your app to deliver content to them, such as with a pinned shortcut, the context is defined by the user. The following scenarios demonstrate a few use cases for each shortcut type:

Static shortcuts are best for apps that link to content using a consistent structure throughout the lifetime of a user's interaction with the app. Because most launchers can only display four shortcuts at once, static shortcuts are useful for common activities. For example, if the user wants to view their calendar or email in a specific way, using a static shortcut ensures that their experience in performing a routine task is consistent.
Dynamic shortcuts are used for actions in apps that are context-sensitive. For instance, if you build a game that allows the user to start from their current level on launch, the shortcut will need to be updated frequently. Using a dynamic shortcut allows the shortcut to be updated each time the user clears a level.
Pinned shortcuts are used for specific, user-driven actions. For example, a user might want to pin a specific website to the launcher. This is beneficial because it allows the user to perform a custom action, like navigating to the website in one step, more quickly than using a default instance of a browser.

Create static shortcuts

Static shortcuts provide links to generic actions within your app, and these actions should remain consistent over the lifetime of your app's current version. Good candidates for static shortcuts include viewing sent messages, setting an alarm, and displaying a user's exercise activity for the day.

To create a static shortcut, complete the following sequence of steps:

In your app's manifest file (AndroidManifest.xml), find an activity whose intent filters are set to the android.intent.action.MAIN action and the android.intent.category.LAUNCHER category.

Add a <meta-data> element to this activity that references the resource file where the app's shortcuts are defined:

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
          package="com.example.myapplication">
  <application ... >
    <activity android:name="Main">
      <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
      </intent-filter>
      
      <meta-data android:name="android.app.shortcuts"
                 android:resource="@xml/shortcuts" /> 
    </activity>
  </application>
</manifest>

Create a new resource file: res/xml/shortcuts.xml.

In this new resource file, add a <shortcuts> root element, which contains a list of <shortcut> elements. Each <shortcut> element contains information about a static shortcut, including its icon, its description labels, and the intents that it launches within the app:

<shortcuts xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
  <shortcut
    android:shortcutId="compose"
    android:enabled="true"
    android:icon="@drawable/compose_icon"
    android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/compose_shortcut_short_label1"
    android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/compose_shortcut_long_label1"
    android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/compose_disabled_message1">
    <intent
      android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
      android:targetPackage="com.example.myapplication"
      android:targetClass="com.example.myapplication.ComposeActivity" />
    <!-- If your shortcut is associated with multiple intents, include them
         here. The last intent in the list determines what the user sees when
         they launch this shortcut. -->
    <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
  </shortcut>
  <!-- Specify more shortcuts here. -->
</shortcuts>

Customize attribute values

The following list includes descriptions for the different attributes within a static shortcut. You must provide a value for android:shortcutId and android:shortcutShortLabel. All other values are optional.

android:shortcutId

A string literal, which represents the shortcut when a ShortcutManager object performs operations on it.

Note: You cannot set this attribute's value to a resource string, such as @string/foo.

android:shortcutShortLabel

A concise phrase that describes the shortcut's purpose. When possible, limit the length of the "short description" of a shortcut to 10 characters.

For more information, see setShortLabel().

Note: This attribute's value must be a resource string, such as @string/shortcut_short_label.

android:shortcutLongLabel

An extended phrase that describes the shortcut's purpose. If there's enough space, the launcher displays this value instead of android:shortcutShortLabel. When possible, limit the length of the "long description" of a shortcut to 25 characters.

For more information, see setLongLabel().

Note: This attribute's value must be a resource string, such as @string/shortcut_long_label.

android:shortcutDisabledMessage

The message that appears in a supported launcher when the user attempts to launch a disabled shortcut. The message should explain to the user why the shortcut is now disabled. This attribute's value has no effect if android:enabled is true.

Note: This attribute's value must be a resource string, such as @string/shortcut_disabled_message.

android:enabled

Determines whether the user can interact with the shortcut from a supported launcher. The default value of android:enabled is true. If you set it to false, you should also set a android:shortcutDisabledMessage that explains why you've disabled the shortcut. If you don't think you need to provide such a message, it's easiest to remove the shortcut from the XML file entirely.

android:icon

The bitmap or adaptive icon that the launcher uses when displaying the shortcut to the user. This value can be either the path to an image or the resource file that contains the image. Use adaptive icons whenever possible to improve performance and consistency.

Note: Shortcut icons cannot include tints.

Configure inner elements

The XML file that lists an app's static shortcuts supports the following elements inside each <shortcut> element. You must include an intent inner element for each static shortcut that you define.

intent

The action that the system launches when the user selects the shortcut. This intent must provide a value for the android:action attribute.

Note: This intent element cannot include string resources.

You can provide multiple intents for a single shortcut. See Manage multiple intents and activities, Using intents, and the TaskStackBuilder class reference for details.

categories

Provides a grouping for the types of actions that your app's shortcuts perform, such as creating new chat messages.

For a list of supported shortcut categories, see the ShortcutInfo class reference.

Create dynamic shortcuts

Dynamic shortcuts provide links to specific, context-sensitive actions within your app. These actions can change between uses of your app, and they can change even while your app is running. Good candidates for dynamic shortcuts include calling a specific person, navigating to a specific location, and loading a game from the user's last save point.

The ShortcutManager API allows you to complete the following operations on dynamic shortcuts:

Publish: Use setDynamicShortcuts() to redefine the entire list of dynamic shortcuts, or use addDynamicShortcuts() to augment an existing list of dynamic shortcuts.
Update: Use the updateShortcuts() method.
Remove: Remove a set of dynamic shortcuts using removeDynamicShortcuts(), or remove all dynamic shortcuts using removeAllDynamicShortcuts().

For more information about performing operations on shortcuts, read Manage shortcuts and the ShortcutManager reference.

An example of creating a dynamic shortcut and associating it with your app appears in the following code snippet:

Note: Instances of the ShortcutManager class must be obtained using Context.getSystemService(Class) with the argument ShortcutManager.class or Context.getSystemService(String) with the argument Context.SHORTCUT_SERVICE.

Kotlin

val shortcutManager = getSystemService<ShortcutManager>(ShortcutManager::class.java)

val shortcut = ShortcutInfo.Builder(context, "id1")
        .setShortLabel("Website")
        .setLongLabel("Open the website")
        .setIcon(Icon.createWithResource(context, R.drawable.icon_website))
        .setIntent(Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
                Uri.parse("https://www.mysite.example.com/")))
        .build()

shortcutManager!!.dynamicShortcuts = Arrays.asList(shortcut)

Java

ShortcutManager shortcutManager = getSystemService(ShortcutManager.class);

ShortcutInfo shortcut = new ShortcutInfo.Builder(context, "id1")
    .setShortLabel("Website")
    .setLongLabel("Open the website")
    .setIcon(Icon.createWithResource(context, R.drawable.icon_website))
    .setIntent(new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW,
                   Uri.parse("https://www.mysite.example.com/")))
    .build();

shortcutManager.setDynamicShortcuts(Arrays.asList(shortcut));

Create pinned shortcuts

App shortcuts appear in a list next to an app's main
launcher icon. Pinned shortcuts appear as separate icons on the
launcher. — **Figure 1.** Appearance of app shortcuts and pinned shortcuts

On Android 8.0 (API level 26) and higher, you can create pinned shortcuts. Unlike static and dynamic shortcuts, pinned shortcuts appear in supported launchers as separate icons. Figure 1 shows the distinction between these two types of shortcuts.

Note: When you attempt to pin a shortcut onto a supported launcher, the user receives a confirmation dialog asking their permission to pin the shortcut. If the user doesn't allow the shortcut to be pinned, the launcher cancels the request.

To pin a shortcut to a supported launcher using your app, complete the following sequence of steps:

Use isRequestPinShortcutSupported() to verify that the device's default launcher supports in-app pinning of shortcuts.
Create a ShortcutInfo object in one of two ways, depending on whether the shortcut already exists:
1. If the shortcut already exists, create a ShortcutInfo object that contains only the existing shortcut's ID. The system finds and pins all other information related to the shortcut automatically.
2. If you're pinning a new shortcut, create a ShortcutInfo object that contains an ID, an intent, and a short label for the new shortcut.
Note: Because the system performs backup and restore on pinned shortcuts automatically, these shortcuts' IDs should contain either stable, constant strings or server-side identifiers, rather than identifiers generated locally that might not make sense on other devices.
Attempt to pin the shortcut to the device's launcher by calling requestPinShortcut(). During this process, you can pass in a PendingIntent object, which notifies your app only when the shortcut is pinned successfully.

Note: If the user doesn't allow the shortcut to be pinned to the launcher, your app doesn't receive a callback.

After a shortcut is pinned, your app can update its contents using the updateShortcuts() method. For more information, read Update shortcuts.

The following code snippet demonstrates how to create a pinned shortcut:

Kotlin

val shortcutManager = getSystemService(ShortcutManager::class.java)

if (shortcutManager!!.isRequestPinShortcutSupported) {
    // Assumes there's already a shortcut with the ID "my-shortcut".
    // The shortcut must be enabled.
    val pinShortcutInfo = ShortcutInfo.Builder(context, "my-shortcut").build()

    // Create the PendingIntent object only if your app needs to be notified
    // that the user allowed the shortcut to be pinned. Note that, if the
    // pinning operation fails, your app isn't notified. We assume here that the
    // app has implemented a method called createShortcutResultIntent() that
    // returns a broadcast intent.
    val pinnedShortcutCallbackIntent = shortcutManager.createShortcutResultIntent(pinShortcutInfo)

    // Configure the intent so that your app's broadcast receiver gets
    // the callback successfully.For details, see PendingIntent.getBroadcast().
    val successCallback = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(context, /* request code */ 0,
            pinnedShortcutCallbackIntent, /* flags */ 0)

    shortcutManager.requestPinShortcut(pinShortcutInfo,
            successCallback.intentSender)
}

Java

ShortcutManager shortcutManager =
        context.getSystemService(ShortcutManager.class);

if (shortcutManager.isRequestPinShortcutSupported()) {
    // Assumes there's already a shortcut with the ID "my-shortcut".
    // The shortcut must be enabled.
    ShortcutInfo pinShortcutInfo =
            new ShortcutInfo.Builder(context, "my-shortcut").build();

    // Create the PendingIntent object only if your app needs to be notified
    // that the user allowed the shortcut to be pinned. Note that, if the
    // pinning operation fails, your app isn't notified. We assume here that the
    // app has implemented a method called createShortcutResultIntent() that
    // returns a broadcast intent.
    Intent pinnedShortcutCallbackIntent =
            shortcutManager.createShortcutResultIntent(pinShortcutInfo);

    // Configure the intent so that your app's broadcast receiver gets
    // the callback successfully.For details, see PendingIntent.getBroadcast().
    PendingIntent successCallback = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(context, /* request code */ 0,
            pinnedShortcutCallbackIntent, /* flags */ 0);

    shortcutManager.requestPinShortcut(pinShortcutInfo,
            successCallback.getIntentSender());
}

Note: See also the support library APIs, isRequestPinShortcutSupported() and requestPinShortcut(), which work on Android 7.1 (API level 25) and lower. The support library falls back to the deprecated EXTRA_SHORTCUT_INTENT extra to attempt the pinning process.

Create a custom shortcut activity

The custom dialog activity shows the prompt 'Do you want
to add the Gmail launcher icon to your home screen?' The custom options are
'No thanks' and 'Add icon'. — **Figure 2.** Example of a custom app shortcut dialog activity

You can also create a specialized activity that helps users create shortcuts, complete with custom options and a confirmation button. Figure 2 shows an example of this type of activity in the Gmail app.

In your app's manifest file, add ACTION_CREATE_SHORTCUT to the activity's <intent-filter> element. This declaration sets up the following behavior when the user attempts to create a shortcut:

The system starts your app's specialized activity.
The user sets options for the shortcut.
The user selects the confirmation button.
Your app creates the shortcut using the createShortcutResultIntent() method. This method returns an Intent, which your app relays back to the previously-executing activity using setResult().
Your app calls finish() on the activity used to create the customized shortcut.

Similarly, your app can prompt users to add pinned shortcuts to the home screen after installation or the first time the app is launched. This method is effective because it helps your users create a shortcut as part of their ordinary workflow.

Testing shortcuts

To test your app's shortcuts, install your app on a device with a launcher that supports shortcuts. Then, perform the following actions:

Long-tap on your app's launcher icon to view the shortcuts that you've defined for your app.
Tap and drag a shortcut to pin it to the device's launcher.

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最終更新日: 2月 13, 2019