在應用程式使用期間,螢幕上會顯示新資訊,且舊資訊會移除。如果變更畫面上顯示的內容,可能會令人感到困擾,且使用者可能會錯過突然出現的新內容。動畫會減慢變更速度,並利用動態效果讓使用者的注意力,讓更新內容更明顯。
您可以使用三種常見的動畫來顯示或隱藏檢視畫面:顯示動畫、交叉漸變動畫和資訊卡翻轉動畫。
建立交叉漸變動畫
交叉淡出動畫 (也稱為「溶解」) 會逐漸淡出 View
或 ViewGroup
,同時淡入另一個動畫。當您需要在應用程式中切換內容或檢視畫面時,這個動畫就非常實用。這裡顯示的交叉漸變動畫使用 ViewPropertyAnimator
,適用於 Android 3.1 (API 級別 12) 以上版本。
以下範例說明如何從進度指標轉換成文字內容:
建立檢視畫面
建立要交叉漸變的兩個檢視畫面。以下範例會建立進度指標和可捲動的文字檢視區塊:
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<ScrollView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/content"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView style="?android:textAppearanceMedium"
android:lineSpacingMultiplier="1.2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/lorem_ipsum"
android:padding="16dp" />
</ScrollView>
<ProgressBar android:id="@+id/loading_spinner"
style="?android:progressBarStyleLarge"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
</FrameLayout>
設定交叉漸變動畫
如要設定交叉漸變動畫,請按照下列步驟操作:
- 為要交叉漸變的檢視畫面建立成員變數。稍後在動畫播放期間修改檢視畫面時,需要使用這些參照。
- 將要淡入淡出的檢視畫面顯示設定設為
GONE
。這樣可以防止檢視畫面使用版面配置空間,並將該空間用於版面配置計算,從而加快處理速度 - 在成員變數中快取
config_shortAnimTime
系統屬性。這個屬性會定義動畫的標準「短」時間長度。這種時間長度適合經常出現的細微動畫或動畫。您也可以使用config_longAnimTime
和config_mediumAnimTime
。
以下範例將使用上一個程式碼片段的版面配置,做為活動內容檢視畫面:
Kotlin
class CrossfadeActivity : Activity() { private lateinit var contentView: View private lateinit var loadingView: View private var shortAnimationDuration: Int = 0 ... override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_crossfade) contentView = findViewById(R.id.content) loadingView = findViewById(R.id.loading_spinner) // Initially hide the content view. contentView.visibility = View.GONE // Retrieve and cache the system's default "short" animation time. shortAnimationDuration = resources.getInteger(android.R.integer.config_shortAnimTime) } ... }
Java
public class CrossfadeActivity extends Activity { private View contentView; private View loadingView; private int shortAnimationDuration; ... @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_crossfade); contentView = findViewById(R.id.content); loadingView = findViewById(R.id.loading_spinner); // Initially hide the content view. contentView.setVisibility(View.GONE); // Retrieve and cache the system's default "short" animation time. shortAnimationDuration = getResources().getInteger( android.R.integer.config_shortAnimTime); } ... }
交叉淡出檢視畫面
當檢視畫面設定正確無誤後,請執行下列步驟,交叉淡出檢視畫面:
- 針對淡入效果的檢視畫面,請將 Alpha 值設為 0,並將顯示設定從
GONE
的初始設定設為VISIBLE
。如此一來,檢視畫面就會變為透明。 - 對於淡入中的檢視畫面,請為其 Alpha 值從 0 到 1 以動畫呈現。對於淡出的檢視畫面,請為 Alpha 值加入 1 到 0 的動畫效果。
- 在
Animator.AnimatorListener
中使用onAnimationEnd()
,將顯示淡出的檢視畫面顯示設定設為GONE
。雖然 Alpha 值為 0,但將檢視畫面的顯示設定設為GONE
會導致檢視畫面無法使用版面配置空間,且只會將檢視畫面省略版面配置計算,從而加快處理速度。
以下方法說明如何執行這項操作:
Kotlin
class CrossfadeActivity : Activity() { private lateinit var contentView: View private lateinit var loadingView: View private var shortAnimationDuration: Int = 0 ... private fun crossfade() { contentView.apply { // Set the content view to 0% opacity but visible, so that it is // visible but fully transparent during the animation. alpha = 0f visibility = View.VISIBLE // Animate the content view to 100% opacity and clear any animation // listener set on the view. animate() .alpha(1f) .setDuration(shortAnimationDuration.toLong()) .setListener(null) } // Animate the loading view to 0% opacity. After the animation ends, // set its visibility to GONE as an optimization step so it doesn't // participate in layout passes. loadingView.animate() .alpha(0f) .setDuration(shortAnimationDuration.toLong()) .setListener(object : AnimatorListenerAdapter() { override fun onAnimationEnd(animation: Animator) { loadingView.visibility = View.GONE } }) } }
Java
public class CrossfadeActivity extends Activity { private View contentView; private View loadingView; private int shortAnimationDuration; ... private void crossfade() { // Set the content view to 0% opacity but visible, so that it is // visible but fully transparent during the animation. contentView.setAlpha(0f); contentView.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE); // Animate the content view to 100% opacity and clear any animation // listener set on the view. contentView.animate() .alpha(1f) .setDuration(shortAnimationDuration) .setListener(null); // Animate the loading view to 0% opacity. After the animation ends, // set its visibility to GONE as an optimization step so it doesn't // participate in layout passes. loadingView.animate() .alpha(0f) .setDuration(shortAnimationDuration) .setListener(new AnimatorListenerAdapter() { @Override public void onAnimationEnd(Animator animation) { loadingView.setVisibility(View.GONE); } }); } }
建立資訊卡翻轉動畫
資訊卡會顯示模擬資訊卡翻轉的動畫,藉此在內容檢視畫面之間切換。這裡顯示的資訊卡翻轉動畫使用 FragmentTransaction
。
以下為卡片翻面內容:
建立動畫器物件
如要建立資訊卡翻轉動畫,需要 4 個動畫器。兩個動畫師分別指定資訊卡的正面和左側動畫動畫開始及左側顯示動畫的時間。另外兩個動畫器分別適用於資訊卡背面和右側顯示動畫的時間,以及向右和右側的動畫。
<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<!-- Before rotating, immediately set the alpha to 0. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="1.0"
android:valueTo="0.0"
android:propertyName="alpha"
android:duration="0" />
<!-- Rotate. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="-180"
android:valueTo="0"
android:propertyName="rotationY"
android:interpolator="@android:interpolator/accelerate_decelerate"
android:duration="@integer/card_flip_time_full" />
<!-- Halfway through the rotation, set the alpha to 1. See startOffset. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="0.0"
android:valueTo="1.0"
android:propertyName="alpha"
android:startOffset="@integer/card_flip_time_half"
android:duration="1" />
</set>
<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<!-- Rotate. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="0"
android:valueTo="180"
android:propertyName="rotationY"
android:interpolator="@android:interpolator/accelerate_decelerate"
android:duration="@integer/card_flip_time_full" />
<!-- Halfway through the rotation, set the alpha to 0. See startOffset. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="1.0"
android:valueTo="0.0"
android:propertyName="alpha"
android:startOffset="@integer/card_flip_time_half"
android:duration="1" />
</set>
<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<!-- Before rotating, immediately set the alpha to 0. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="1.0"
android:valueTo="0.0"
android:propertyName="alpha"
android:duration="0" />
<!-- Rotate. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="180"
android:valueTo="0"
android:propertyName="rotationY"
android:interpolator="@android:interpolator/accelerate_decelerate"
android:duration="@integer/card_flip_time_full" />
<!-- Halfway through the rotation, set the alpha to 1. See startOffset. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="0.0"
android:valueTo="1.0"
android:propertyName="alpha"
android:startOffset="@integer/card_flip_time_half"
android:duration="1" />
</set>
<set xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<!-- Rotate. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="0"
android:valueTo="-180"
android:propertyName="rotationY"
android:interpolator="@android:interpolator/accelerate_decelerate"
android:duration="@integer/card_flip_time_full" />
<!-- Halfway through the rotation, set the alpha to 0. See startOffset. -->
<objectAnimator
android:valueFrom="1.0"
android:valueTo="0.0"
android:propertyName="alpha"
android:startOffset="@integer/card_flip_time_half"
android:duration="1" />
</set>
建立檢視畫面
資訊卡的每一側都是獨立的版面配置,可包含任何內容,例如兩個文字檢視區塊、兩個圖片,或是任何可切換的檢視畫面組合。在稍後要建立動畫的片段中使用兩個版面配置。下列版面配置會建立資訊卡的其中一面,顯示文字:
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:background="#a6c"
android:padding="16dp"
android:gravity="bottom">
<TextView android:id="@android:id/text1"
style="?android:textAppearanceLarge"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:textColor="#fff"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/card_back_title" />
<TextView style="?android:textAppearanceSmall"
android:textAllCaps="true"
android:textColor="#80ffffff"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:lineSpacingMultiplier="1.2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/card_back_description" />
</LinearLayout>
下一個版面配置會建立資訊卡的另一側,顯示 ImageView
:
<ImageView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:src="@drawable/image1"
android:scaleType="centerCrop"
android:contentDescription="@string/description_image_1" />
建立片段
為卡片前後的片段建立片段類別。在片段類別中,傳回您透過 onCreateView()
方法建立的版面配置。然後在要顯示資訊卡的父項活動中,建立這個片段的執行個體。
以下範例顯示父項活動中使用巢狀片段類別:
Kotlin
class CardFlipActivity : FragmentActivity() { ... /** * A fragment representing the front of the card. */ class CardFrontFragment : Fragment() { override fun onCreateView( inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle? ): View = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_card_front, container, false) } /** * A fragment representing the back of the card. */ class CardBackFragment : Fragment() { override fun onCreateView( inflater: LayoutInflater, container: ViewGroup?, savedInstanceState: Bundle? ): View = inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_card_back, container, false) } }
Java
public class CardFlipActivity extends FragmentActivity { ... /** * A fragment representing the front of the card. */ public class CardFrontFragment extends Fragment { @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_card_front, container, false); } } /** * A fragment representing the back of the card. */ public class CardBackFragment extends Fragment { @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { return inflater.inflate(R.layout.fragment_card_back, container, false); } } }
以動畫呈現卡片翻轉動畫
在父項活動中顯示片段。為此,請建立活動的版面配置。下列範例會建立 FrameLayout
,您可以在執行階段新增片段:
<FrameLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/container"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
在活動程式碼中,將內容檢視區塊設為您建立的版面配置。建議您在建立活動時顯示預設片段。以下範例活動說明如何預設顯示資訊卡的正面:
Kotlin
class CardFlipActivity : FragmentActivity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_activity_card_flip) if (savedInstanceState == null) { supportFragmentManager.beginTransaction() .add(R.id.container, CardFrontFragment()) .commit() } } ... }
Java
public class CardFlipActivity extends FragmentActivity { @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_activity_card_flip); if (savedInstanceState == null) { getSupportFragmentManager() .beginTransaction() .add(R.id.container, new CardFrontFragment()) .commit(); } } ... }
在資訊卡正面顯示時,您可以在適當時機透過翻轉動畫顯示資訊卡背面。請建立一種方法來顯示資訊卡的另一側,以執行下列操作:
- 設定您為片段轉換建立的自訂動畫。
- 將顯示的片段替換為新片段,並以您建立的自訂動畫為這個事件建立動畫效果。
- 將先前顯示的片段新增至片段返回堆疊,因此當使用者輕觸「返回」按鈕時,資訊卡就會翻回正面。
Kotlin
class CardFlipActivity : FragmentActivity() { ... private fun flipCard() { if (showingBack) { supportFragmentManager.popBackStack() return } // Flip to the back. showingBack = true // Create and commit a new fragment transaction that adds the fragment // for the back of the card, uses custom animations, and is part of the // fragment manager's back stack. supportFragmentManager.beginTransaction() // Replace the default fragment animations with animator // resources representing rotations when switching to the back // of the card, as well as animator resources representing // rotations when flipping back to the front, such as when the // system Back button is tapped. .setCustomAnimations( R.animator.card_flip_right_in, R.animator.card_flip_right_out, R.animator.card_flip_left_in, R.animator.card_flip_left_out ) // Replace any fragments in the container view with a fragment // representing the next page, indicated by the just-incremented // currentPage variable. .replace(R.id.container, CardBackFragment()) // Add this transaction to the back stack, letting users press // the Back button to get to the front of the card. .addToBackStack(null) // Commit the transaction. .commit() } }
Java
public class CardFlipActivity extends FragmentActivity { ... private void flipCard() { if (showingBack) { getSupportFragmentManager().popBackStack(); return; } // Flip to the back. showingBack = true; // Create and commit a new fragment transaction that adds the fragment // for the back of the card, uses custom animations, and is part of the // fragment manager's back stack. getSupportFragmentManager() .beginTransaction() // Replace the default fragment animations with animator // resources representing rotations when switching to the back // of the card, as well as animator resources representing // rotations when flipping back to the front, such as when the // system Back button is pressed. .setCustomAnimations( R.animator.card_flip_right_in, R.animator.card_flip_right_out, R.animator.card_flip_left_in, R.animator.card_flip_left_out) // Replace any fragments in the container view with a fragment // representing the next page, indicated by the just-incremented // currentPage variable. .replace(R.id.container, new CardBackFragment()) // Add this transaction to the back stack, letting users press // Back to get to the front of the card. .addToBackStack(null) // Commit the transaction. .commit(); } }
製作圓形顯示動畫
顯示動畫可在您顯示或隱藏一組 UI 元素時,提供使用者視覺連續性。ViewAnimationUtils.createCircularReveal()
方法可讓您建立裁剪圓形動畫,以顯示或隱藏檢視畫面。此動畫會透過 ViewAnimationUtils
類別提供,該類別適用於 Android 5.0 (API 級別 21) 以上版本。
以下範例說明如何顯示先前隱藏的檢視畫面:
Kotlin
// A previously invisible view. val myView: View = findViewById(R.id.my_view) // Check whether the runtime version is at least Android 5.0. if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) { // Get the center for the clipping circle. val cx = myView.width / 2 val cy = myView.height / 2 // Get the final radius for the clipping circle. val finalRadius = Math.hypot(cx.toDouble(), cy.toDouble()).toFloat() // Create the animator for this view. The start radius is 0. val anim = ViewAnimationUtils.createCircularReveal(myView, cx, cy, 0f, finalRadius) // Make the view visible and start the animation. myView.visibility = View.VISIBLE anim.start() } else { // Set the view to invisible without a circular reveal animation below // Android 5.0. myView.visibility = View.INVISIBLE }
Java
// A previously invisible view. View myView = findViewById(R.id.my_view); // Check whether the runtime version is at least Android 5.0. if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) { // Get the center for the clipping circle. int cx = myView.getWidth() / 2; int cy = myView.getHeight() / 2; // Get the final radius for the clipping circle. float finalRadius = (float) Math.hypot(cx, cy); // Create the animator for this view. The start radius is 0. Animator anim = ViewAnimationUtils.createCircularReveal(myView, cx, cy, 0f, finalRadius); // Make the view visible and start the animation. myView.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE); anim.start(); } else { // Set the view to invisible without a circular reveal animation below // Android 5.0. myView.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE); }
ViewAnimationUtils.createCircularReveal()
動畫包含五個參數。第一個參數是用來隱藏或顯示在螢幕上的檢視畫面。接下來的兩個參數是裁剪圓形中心的 X 和 Y 座標。一般來說,這是檢視畫面的中心,但您也可以使用使用者輕觸的點,讓動畫從選取的位置開始執行。第四個參數是裁剪圓形的起始半徑。
在上述範例中,初始半徑設為 0,因此圓形隱藏顯示檢視畫面。最後一個參數是圓形的最終半徑。顯示檢視畫面時,最終半徑必須大於檢視畫面,以便在動畫結束前完整顯示檢視畫面。
如要隱藏先前可見的檢視畫面,請按照下列步驟操作:
Kotlin
// A previously visible view. val myView: View = findViewById(R.id.my_view) // Check whether the runtime version is at least Android 5.0. if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) { // Get the center for the clipping circle. val cx = myView.width / 2 val cy = myView.height / 2 // Get the initial radius for the clipping circle. val initialRadius = Math.hypot(cx.toDouble(), cy.toDouble()).toFloat() // Create the animation. The final radius is 0. val anim = ViewAnimationUtils.createCircularReveal(myView, cx, cy, initialRadius, 0f) // Make the view invisible when the animation is done. anim.addListener(object : AnimatorListenerAdapter() { override fun onAnimationEnd(animation: Animator) { super.onAnimationEnd(animation) myView.visibility = View.INVISIBLE } }) // Start the animation. anim.start() } else { // Set the view to visible without a circular reveal animation below // Android 5.0. myView.visibility = View.VISIBLE }
Java
// A previously visible view. final View myView = findViewById(R.id.my_view); // Check whether the runtime version is at least Android 5.0. if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.LOLLIPOP) { // Get the center for the clipping circle. int cx = myView.getWidth() / 2; int cy = myView.getHeight() / 2; // Get the initial radius for the clipping circle. float initialRadius = (float) Math.hypot(cx, cy); // Create the animation. The final radius is 0. Animator anim = ViewAnimationUtils.createCircularReveal(myView, cx, cy, initialRadius, 0f); // Make the view invisible when the animation is done. anim.addListener(new AnimatorListenerAdapter() { @Override public void onAnimationEnd(Animator animation) { super.onAnimationEnd(animation); myView.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE); } }); // Start the animation. anim.start(); } else { // Set the view to visible without a circular reveal animation below Android // 5.0. myView.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE); }
在這種情況下,裁剪圓形的初始半徑會設為盡可能大,以便在動畫開始之前顯示檢視畫面。最終半徑設為 0,以便在動畫結束時隱藏檢視畫面。在動畫中新增事件監聽器,以便在動畫完成時將檢視畫面的瀏覽權限設為 INVISIBLE
。