APIs de ViewModel Scoping Parte de Android Jetpack.

El alcance es clave para usar ViewModels de manera eficaz. El alcance de cada ViewModel se define en un objeto que implementa la interfaz ViewModelStoreOwner. Hay varias APIs que te permiten administrar el alcance de tus ViewModels con mayor facilidad. En este documento, se describen algunas de las técnicas clave que debes conocer.

El método ViewModelProvider.get() te permite obtener una instancia de un ViewModel cuyo alcance sea cualquier ViewModelStoreOwner. Para los usuarios de Kotlin, hay diferentes funciones de extensión disponibles con los casos de uso más comunes. Todas las implementaciones de funciones de extensión de Kotlin usan la API de ViewModelProvider de forma interna.

ViewModels con alcance para el ViewModelStoreOwner más cercano

Puedes determinar el alcance de un ViewModel según la actividad, el fragmento o el destino de un gráfico de navegación. Las funciones de extensión viewModels() que proporcionan las bibliotecas de actividades, fragmentos y navegación, y la función viewModel() en Compose te permiten obtener una instancia del ViewModel con el alcance más cercano a ViewModelStoreOwner.

import androidx.activity.viewModels

class MyActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
    // ViewModel API available in activity.activity-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Activity
    val viewModel: MyViewModel by viewModels()
}

import androidx.fragment.app.viewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {
    // ViewModel API available in fragment.fragment-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Fragment
    val viewModel: MyViewModel by viewModels()
}

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Activity
    MyViewModel viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel.class);
}

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {
    // The ViewModel is scoped to `this` Fragment
    MyViewModel viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(MyViewModel.class);
}

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyScreen(
    modifier: Modifier = Modifier,
    // ViewModel API available in lifecycle.lifecycle-viewmodel-compose
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the closest ViewModelStoreOwner provided
    // via the LocalViewModelStoreOwner CompositionLocal. In order of proximity,
    // this could be the destination of a Navigation graph, the host Fragment,
    // or the host Activity.
    viewModel: MyViewModel = viewModel()
) { /* ... */ }

ViewModels con alcance para cualquier ViewModelStoreOwner

Las funciones ComponentActivity.viewModels() y Fragment.viewModels() del sistema de vistas, y la función viewModel() de Compose toman un parámetro ownerProducer opcional que puedes usar para especificar el elemento ViewModelStoreOwner, en el que se define el alcance de la instancia del ViewModel. En el siguiente ejemplo, se muestra cómo obtener una instancia de un ViewModel con alcance para el fragmento superior:

import androidx.fragment.app.viewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in fragment.fragment-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the parent of `this` Fragment
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by viewModels(
        ownerProducer = { requireParentFragment() }
    )
}

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        // The ViewModel is scoped to the parent of `this` Fragment
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(requireParentFragment())
            .get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyScreen(
    context: Context = LocalContext.current,
    // ViewModel API available in lifecycle.lifecycle-viewmodel-compose
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the parent of the host Fragment
    // where this composable function is called
    viewModel: SharedViewModel = viewModel(
        viewModelStoreOwner = (context as Fragment).requireParentFragment()
    )
) { /* ... */ }

Obtener un ViewModel con alcance específico de la actividad a partir de un fragmento es un caso de uso común. Cuando lo hagas, usa la función de extensión de vistas activityViewModels() disponible. Si no usas Kotlin ni las vistas, puedes usar las mismas APIs que se indicaron anteriormente y pasar el propietario correcto.

import androidx.fragment.app.activityViewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in fragment.fragment-ktx
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the host Activity
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by activityViewModels()
}

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        // The ViewModel is scoped to the host Activity
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(requireActivity())
            .get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyScreen(
    context: Context = LocalContext.current,
    // ViewModel API available in lifecycle.lifecycle-viewmodel-compose
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the Activity of the host Fragment
    // where this composable function is called
    viewModel: SharedViewModel = viewModel(
        viewModelStoreOwner = (context as Fragment).requireActivity()
    )
) { /* ... */ }

ViewModels con alcance para el gráfico de navegación

Los gráficos de navegación también son propietarios de ViewModelStore. Si usas Navigation Fragment o Navigation Compose, puedes obtener una instancia de un ViewModel con alcance para un gráfico de navegación con la función de extensión de vistas navGraphViewModels(graphId).

import androidx.navigation.navGraphViewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in navigation.navigation-fragment
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by navGraphViewModels(R.id.nav_graph)

    // Equivalent navGraphViewModels code using the viewModels API
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by viewModels(
        { findNavController().getBackStackEntry(R.id.nav_graph) }
    )
}

import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        NavController navController = NavHostFragment.findNavController(this);
        NavBackStackEntry backStackEntry = navController.getBackStackEntry(R.id.my_graph);

        // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(backStackEntry).get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

import androidx.lifecycle.viewmodel.compose.viewModel

@Composable
fun MyAppNavHost() {
    // ...
    composable("myScreen") { backStackEntry ->
        // Retrieve the NavBackStackEntry of "parentNavigationRoute"
        val parentEntry = remember(backStackEntry) {
            navController.getBackStackEntry("parentNavigationRoute")
        }
        // Get the ViewModel scoped to the `parentNavigationRoute` Nav graph
        val parentViewModel: SharedViewModel = viewModel(parentEntry)
        // ...
    }
}

Si usas Hilt además de Jetpack Navigation, puedes usar la API de hiltNavGraphViewModels(graphId) de la siguiente manera.

import androidx.hilt.navigation.fragment.hiltNavGraphViewModels

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    // ViewModel API available in hilt.hilt-navigation-fragment
    // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
    // and is provided using the Hilt-generated ViewModel factory
    val viewModel: SharedViewModel by hiltNavGraphViewModels(R.id.nav_graph)
}

import androidx.hilt.navigation.HiltViewModelFactory;
import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModelProvider;

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {

    SharedViewModel viewModel;

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        NavController navController = NavHostFragment.findNavController(this);
        NavBackStackEntry backStackEntry = navController.getBackStackEntry(R.id.my_graph);

        // The ViewModel is scoped to the `nav_graph` Navigation graph
        // and is provided using the Hilt-generated ViewModel factory
        viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(
            backStackEntry,
            HiltViewModelFactory.create(getContext(), backStackEntry)
        ).get(SharedViewModel.class);
    }
}

import androidx.hilt.navigation.compose.hiltViewModel

@Composable
fun MyAppNavHost() {
    // ...
    composable("myScreen") { backStackEntry ->
        val parentEntry = remember(backStackEntry) {
            navController.getBackStackEntry("parentNavigationRoute")
        }

        // ViewModel API available in hilt.hilt-navigation-compose
        // The ViewModel is scoped to the `parentNavigationRoute` Navigation graph
        // and is provided using the Hilt-generated ViewModel factory
        val parentViewModel: SharedViewModel = hiltViewModel(parentEntry)
        // ...
    }
}