Lifecycle of composables

In this page, you'll learn about the lifecycle of a composable and how Compose decides whether a composable needs recomposition.

Lifecycle overview

As mentioned in the Managing state documentation, a Composition describes the UI of your app and is produced by running composables. A Composition is a tree-structure of the composables that describe your UI.

When Jetpack Compose runs your composables for the first time, during initial composition, it will keep track of the composables that you call to describe your UI in a Composition. Then, when the state of your app changes, Jetpack Compose schedules a recomposition. Recomposition is when Jetpack Compose re-executes the composables that may have changed in response to state changes, and then updates the Composition to reflect any changes.

A Composition can only be produced by an initial composition and updated by recomposition. The only way to modify a Composition is through recomposition.

Diagram showing the lifecycle of a composable

Figure 1. Lifecycle of a composable in the Composition. It enters the Composition, gets recomposed 0 or more times, and leaves the Composition.

Recomposition is typically triggered by a change to a State<T> object. Compose tracks these and runs all composables in the Composition that read that particular State<T>, and any composables that they call that cannot be skipped.

If a composable is called multiple times, multiple instances are placed in the Composition. Each call has its own lifecycle in the Composition.

@Composable
fun MyComposable() {
    Column {
        Text("Hello")
        Text("World")
    }
}
LifecycleSnippets.kt

Diagram showing the hierarchical arrangement of the elements in the previous code snippet

Figure 2. Representation of MyComposable in the Composition. If a composable is called multiple times, multiple instances are placed in the Composition. An element having a different color is indicative of it being a separate instance.

Anatomy of a composable in Composition

The instance of a composable in Composition is identified by its call site. The Compose compiler considers each call site as distinct. Calling composables from multiple call sites will create multiple instances of the composable in Composition.

If during a recomposition a composable calls different composables than it did during the previous composition, Compose will identify which composables were called or not called and for the composables that were called in both compositions, Compose will avoid recomposing them if their inputs haven't changed.

Preserving identity is crucial to associate side effects with their composable, so that they can complete successfully rather than restart for every recomposition.

Consider the following example:

@Composable
fun LoginScreen(showError: Boolean) {
    if (showError) {
        LoginError()
    }
    LoginInput() // This call site affects where LoginInput is placed in Composition
}

@Composable
fun LoginInput() { /* ... */ }

@Composable
fun LoginError() { /* ... */ }
LifecycleSnippets.kt

In the code snippet above, LoginScreen will conditionally call the LoginError composable and will always call the LoginInput composable. Each call has a unique call site and source position, which the compiler will use to uniquely identify it.

Diagram showing how the preceding code is recomposed if the showError flag is changed to true. The LoginError composable is added, but the other composables are not recomposed.

Figure 3. Representation of LoginScreen in the Composition when the state changes and a recomposition occurs. Same color means it hasn't been recomposed.

Even though LoginInput went from being called first to being called second, the LoginInput instance will be preserved across recompositions. Additionally, because LoginInput doesn’t have any parameters that have changed across recomposition, the call to LoginInput will be skipped by Compose.

Add extra information to help smart recompositions

Calling a composable multiple times will add it to Composition multiple times as well. When calling a composable multiple times from the same call site, Compose doesn’t have any information to uniquely identify each call to that composable, so the execution order is used in addition to the call site in order to keep the instances distinct. This behavior is sometimes all that is needed, but in some cases it can cause unwanted behavior.

@Composable
fun MoviesScreen(movies: List<Movie>) {
    Column {
        for (movie in movies) {
            // MovieOverview composables are placed in Composition given its
            // index position in the for loop
            MovieOverview(movie)
        }
    }
}
LifecycleSnippets.kt

In the example above, Compose uses the execution order in addition to the call site to keep the instance distinct in the Composition. If a new movie is added to the bottom of the list, Compose can reuse the instances already in the Composition since their location in the list haven't changed and therefore, the movie input is the same for those instances.

Diagram showing how the preceding code is recomposed if a new element is added to the bottom of the list. The other items in the list have not changed position, and are not recomposed.

Figure 4. Representation of MoviesScreen in the Composition when a new element is added to the bottom of the list. MovieOverview composables in the Composition can be reused. Same color in MovieOverview means the composable hasn't been recomposed.

However, if the movies list changes by either adding to the top or the middle of the list, removing or reordering items, it'll cause a recomposition in all MovieOverview calls whose input parameter has changed position in the list. That's extremely important if, for example, MovieOverview fetches a movie image using a side effect. If recomposition happens while the effect is in progress, it will be cancelled and will start again.

@Composable
fun MovieOverview(movie: Movie) {
    Column {
        // Side effect explained later in the docs. If MovieOverview
        // recomposes, while fetching the image is in progress,
        // it is cancelled and restarted.
        val image = loadNetworkImage(movie.url)
        MovieHeader(image)

        /* ... */
    }
}

LifecycleSnippets.kt

Diagram showing how the preceding code is recomposed if a new element is added to the top of the list. Every other item in the list changes position and has to be recomposed.

Figure 5. Representation of MoviesScreen in the Composition when a new element is added to the list. MovieOverview composables cannot be reused and all side effects will restart. A different color in MovieOverview means the composable has been recomposed.

Ideally, we want to think of the identity of the MovieOverview instance as linked to the identity of the movie that is passed to it. If we reorder the list of movies, ideally we would similarly reorder the instances in the Composition tree instead of recomposing each MovieOverview composable with a different movie instance. Compose provides a way for you to tell the runtime what values you want to use to identify a given part of the tree: the key composable.

By wrapping a block of code with a call to the key composable with one or more values passed in, those values will be combined to be used to identify that instance in the composition. The value for a key does not need to be globally unique, it needs to only be unique amongst the invocations of composables at the call site. So in this example, each movie needs to have a key that's unique among the movies; it's fine if it shares that key with some other composable elsewhere in the app.

@Composable
fun MoviesScreenWithKey(movies: List<Movie>) {
    Column {
        for (movie in movies) {
            key(movie.id) { // Unique ID for this movie
                MovieOverview(movie)
            }
        }
    }
}
LifecycleSnippets.kt

With the above, even if the elements on the list change, Compose recognizes individual calls to MovieOverview and can reuse them.

Diagram showing how the preceding code is recomposed if a new element is added to the top of the list. Because the list items are identified by keys, Compose knows not to recompose them, even though their positions have changed.

Figure 6. Representation of MoviesScreen in the Composition when a new element is added to the list. Since the MovieOverview composables have unique keys, Compose recognizes which MovieOverview instances haven't changed, and can reuse them; their side effects will continue executing.

Some composables have built-in support for the key composable. For example, LazyColumn accepts specifying a custom key in the items DSL.

@Composable
fun MoviesScreenLazy(movies: List<Movie>) {
    LazyColumn {
        items(movies, key = { movie -> movie.id }) { movie ->
            MovieOverview(movie)
        }
    }
}
LifecycleSnippets.kt

Skipping if the inputs haven't changed

If a composable is already in the Composition, it can skip recomposition if all the inputs are stable and haven't changed.

A stable type must comply with the following contract:

  • The result of equals for two instances will forever be the same for the same two instances.
  • If a public property of the type changes, Composition will be notified.
  • All public property types are also stable.

There are some important common types that fall into this contract that the compose compiler will treat as stable, even though they are not explicitly marked as stable by using the @Stable annotation:

  • All primitive value types: Boolean, Int, Long, Float, Char, etc.
  • Strings
  • All Function types (lambdas)

All of these types are able to follow the contract of stable because they are immutable. Since immutable types never change, they never have to notify Composition of the change, so it is much easier to follow this contract.

One notable type that is stable but is mutable is Compose’s MutableState type. If a value is held in a MutableState, the state object overall is considered to be stable as Compose will be notified of any changes to the .value property of State.

When all types passed as parameters to a composable are stable, the parameter values are compared for equality based on the composable position in the UI tree. Recomposition is skipped if all the values are unchanged since the previous call.

Compose considers a type stable only if it can prove it. For example, an interface is generally treated as not stable, and types with mutable public properties whose implementation could be immutable are not stable either.

If Compose is not able to infer that a type is stable, but you want to force Compose to treat it as stable, mark it with the @Stable annotation.

// Marking the type as stable to favor skipping and smart recompositions.
@Stable
interface UiState<T : Result<T>> {
    val value: T?
    val exception: Throwable?

    val hasError: Boolean
        get() = exception != null
}
LifecycleSnippets.kt

In the code snippet above, since UiState is an interface, Compose could ordinarily consider this type to be not stable. By adding the @Stable annotation, you tell Compose that this type is stable, allowing Compose to favor smart recompositions. This also means that Compose will treat all its implementations as stable if the interface is used as the parameter type.