LiveData overview Part of Android Jetpack.

LiveData is an observable data holder class. Unlike a regular observable, LiveData is lifecycle-aware, meaning it respects the lifecycle of other app components, such as activities, fragments, or services. This awareness ensures LiveData only updates app component observers that are in an active lifecycle state.

LiveData considers an observer, which is represented by the Observer class, to be in an active state if its lifecycle is in the STARTED or RESUMED state. LiveData only notifies active observers about updates. Inactive observers registered to watch LiveData objects aren't notified about changes.

You can register an observer paired with an object that implements the LifecycleOwner interface. This relationship allows the observer to be removed when the state of the corresponding Lifecycle object changes to DESTROYED. This is especially useful for activities and fragments because they can safely observe LiveData objects and not worry about leaks—activities and fragments are instantly unsubscribed when their lifecycles are destroyed.

For more information about how to use LiveData, see Work with LiveData objects.

The advantages of using LiveData

Using LiveData provides the following advantages:

Ensures your UI matches your data state: LiveData follows the observer pattern. LiveData notifies Observer objects when underlying data changes. You can consolidate your code to update the UI in these Observer objects. That way, you don't need to update the UI every time the app data changes because the observer does it for you.
No memory leaks: Observers are bound to Lifecycle objects and clean up after themselves when their associated lifecycle is destroyed.
No crashes due to stopped activities: If the observer's lifecycle is inactive, such as in the case of an activity in the back stack, then it doesn’t receive any LiveData events.
No more manual lifecycle handling: UI components just observe relevant data and don’t stop or resume observation. LiveData automatically manages all of this since it’s aware of the relevant lifecycle status changes while observing.
Always up to date data: If a lifecycle becomes inactive, it receives the latest data upon becoming active again. For example, an activity that was in the background receives the latest data right after it returns to the foreground.
Proper configuration changes: If an activity or fragment is recreated due to a configuration change, like device rotation, it immediately receives the latest available data.
Sharing resources: You can extend a LiveData object using the singleton pattern to wrap system services so that they can be shared in your app. The LiveData object connects to the system service once, and then any observer that needs the resource can just watch the LiveData object. For more information, see Extend LiveData.

Work with LiveData objects

Follow these steps to work with LiveData objects:

Create an instance of LiveData to hold a certain type of data. This is usually done within your ViewModel class.
Create an Observer object that defines the onChanged() method, which controls what happens when the LiveData object's held data changes. You usually create an Observer object in a UI controller, such as an activity or fragment.
Attach the Observer object to the LiveData object using the observe() method. The observe() method takes a LifecycleOwner object. This subscribes the Observer object to the LiveData object so that it is notified of changes. You usually attach the Observer object in a UI controller, such as an activity or fragment.

Note: You can register an observer without an associated LifecycleOwner object using the observeForever(Observer) method. In this case, the observer is considered to be always active and is therefore always notified about modifications. You can remove these observers calling the removeObserver(Observer) method.

When you update the value stored in the LiveData object, it triggers all registered observers as long as the attached LifecycleOwner is in the active state.

LiveData allows UI controller observers to subscribe to updates. When the data held by the LiveData object changes, the UI automatically updates in response.

Create LiveData objects

LiveData is a wrapper that can be used with any data, including objects that implement Collections, such as List. A LiveData object is usually stored within a ViewModel object and is accessed via a getter method, as demonstrated in the following example:

Kotlin

class NameViewModel : ViewModel() {

    // Create a LiveData with a String
    val currentName: MutableLiveData<String> by lazy {
        MutableLiveData<String>()
    }

    // Rest of the ViewModel...
}

Java

public class NameViewModel extends ViewModel {

    // Create a LiveData with a String
    private MutableLiveData<String> currentName;

    public MutableLiveData<String> getCurrentName() {
        if (currentName == null) {
            currentName = new MutableLiveData<String>();
        }
        return currentName;
    }

    // Rest of the ViewModel...
}

Initially, the data in a LiveData object is not set.

Note: Make sure to store LiveData objects that update the UI in ViewModel objects, as opposed to an activity or fragment, for the following reasons:

To avoid bloated activities and fragments. Now these UI controllers are responsible for displaying data but not holding data state.

To decouple LiveData instances from specific activity or fragment instances and allow LiveData objects to survive configuration changes.

You can read more about the benefits and usage of the ViewModel class in the ViewModel guide.

Observe LiveData objects

In most cases, an app component’s onCreate() method is the right place to begin observing a LiveData object for the following reasons:

To ensure the system doesn’t make redundant calls from an activity or fragment’s onResume() method.
To ensure that the activity or fragment has data that it can display as soon as it becomes active. As soon as an app component is in the STARTED state, it receives the most recent value from the LiveData objects it’s observing. This only occurs if the LiveData object to be observed has been set.

Generally, LiveData delivers updates only when data changes, and only to active observers. An exception to this behavior is that observers also receive an update when they change from an inactive to an active state. Furthermore, if the observer changes from inactive to active a second time, it only receives an update if the value has changed since the last time it became active.

The following sample code illustrates how to start observing a LiveData object:

Kotlin

class NameActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

    // Use the 'by viewModels()' Kotlin property delegate
    // from the activity-ktx artifact
    private val model: NameViewModel by viewModels()

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

        // Other code to setup the activity...

        // Create the observer which updates the UI.
        val nameObserver = Observer<String> { newName ->
            // Update the UI, in this case, a TextView.
            nameTextView.text = newName
        }

        // Observe the LiveData, passing in this activity as the LifecycleOwner and the observer.
        model.currentName.observe(this, nameObserver)
    }
}

Java

public class NameActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private NameViewModel model;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

        // Other code to setup the activity...

        // Get the ViewModel.
        model = new ViewModelProvider(this).get(NameViewModel.class);

        // Create the observer which updates the UI.
        final Observer<String> nameObserver = new Observer<String>() {
            @Override
            public void onChanged(@Nullable final String newName) {
                // Update the UI, in this case, a TextView.
                nameTextView.setText(newName);
            }
        };

        // Observe the LiveData, passing in this activity as the LifecycleOwner and the observer.
        model.getCurrentName().observe(this, nameObserver);
    }
}

After observe() is called with nameObserver passed as parameter, onChanged() is immediately invoked providing the most recent value stored in mCurrentName. If the LiveData object hasn't set a value in mCurrentName, onChanged() is not called.

Update LiveData objects

LiveData has no publicly available methods to update the stored data. The MutableLiveData class exposes the setValue(T) and postValue(T) methods publicly and you must use these if you need to edit the value stored in a LiveData object. Usually MutableLiveData is used in the ViewModel and then the ViewModel only exposes immutable LiveData objects to the observers.

After you have set up the observer relationship, you can then update the value of the LiveData object, as illustrated by the following example, which triggers all observers when the user taps a button:

Kotlin

button.setOnClickListener {
    val anotherName = "John Doe"
    model.currentName.setValue(anotherName)
}

Java

button.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        String anotherName = "John Doe";
        model.getCurrentName().setValue(anotherName);
    }
});

Calling setValue(T) in the example results in the observers calling their onChanged() methods with the value John Doe. The example shows a button press, but setValue() or postValue() could be called to update mName for a variety of reasons, including in response to a network request or a database load completing; in all cases, the call to setValue() or postValue() triggers observers and updates the UI.

Use LiveData with Room

The Room persistence library supports observable queries, which return LiveData objects. Observable queries are written as part of a Database Access Object (DAO).

Room generates all the necessary code to update the LiveData object when a database is updated. The generated code runs the query asynchronously on a background thread when needed. This pattern is useful for keeping the data displayed in a UI in sync with the data stored in a database. You can read more about Room and DAOs in the Room persistent library guide.

Use coroutines with LiveData

LiveData includes support for Kotlin coroutines. For more information, see Use Kotlin coroutines with Android Architecture Components.

LiveData in an app's architecture

LiveData is lifecycle-aware, following the lifecycle of entities such as activities and fragments. Use LiveData to communicate between these lifecycle owners and other objects with a different lifespan, such as ViewModel objects. The main responsibility of the ViewModel is to load and manage UI-related data, which makes it a great candidate for holding LiveData objects. Create LiveData objects in the ViewModel and use them to expose state to the UI layer.

Activities and fragments should not hold LiveData instances because their role is to display data, not hold state. Also, keeping activities and fragments free from holding data makes it easier to write unit tests.

It may be tempting to work LiveData objects in your data layer class, but LiveDatais not designed to handle asynchronous streams of data. Even though you can use LiveData transformations and MediatorLiveData to achieve this, this approach has drawbacks: the capability to combine streams of data is very limited and all LiveData objects (including ones created through transformations) are observed on the main thread. The code below is an example of how holding a LiveData in the Repository can block the main thread:

Kotlin

class UserRepository {

    // DON'T DO THIS! LiveData objects should not live in the repository.
    fun getUsers(): LiveData<List<User>> {
        ...
    }

    fun getNewPremiumUsers(): LiveData<List<User>> {
        return getUsers().map { users ->
            // This is an expensive call being made on the main thread and may
            // cause noticeable jank in the UI!
            users
                .filter { user ->
                  user.isPremium
                }
          .filter { user ->
              val lastSyncedTime = dao.getLastSyncedTime()
              user.timeCreated > lastSyncedTime
                }
    }
}

Java

class UserRepository {

    // DON'T DO THIS! LiveData objects should not live in the repository.
    LiveData<List<User>> getUsers() {
        ...
    }

    LiveData<List<User>> getNewPremiumUsers() {
    return Transformations.map(getUsers(),
        // This is an expensive call being made on the main thread and may cause
        // noticeable jank in the UI!
        users -> users.stream()
            .filter(User::isPremium)
            .filter(user ->
                user.getTimeCreated() > dao.getLastSyncedTime())
            .collect(Collectors.toList()));
    }
}

If you need to use streams of data in other layers of your app, consider using Kotlin Flows and then converting them to LiveData in the ViewModel using asLiveData(). Learn more about using Kotlin Flow with LiveData in this codelab. For codebases built with Java, consider using Executors in conjunction with callbacks or RxJava.

Extend LiveData

LiveData considers an observer to be in an active state if the observer's lifecycle is in either the STARTED or RESUMED states. The following sample code illustrates how to extend the LiveData class:

Kotlin

class StockLiveData(symbol: String) : LiveData<BigDecimal>() {
    private val stockManager = StockManager(symbol)

    private val listener = { price: BigDecimal ->
        value = price
    }

    override fun onActive() {
        stockManager.requestPriceUpdates(listener)
    }

    override fun onInactive() {
        stockManager.removeUpdates(listener)
    }
}

Java

public class StockLiveData extends LiveData<BigDecimal> {
    private StockManager stockManager;

    private SimplePriceListener listener = new SimplePriceListener() {
        @Override
        public void onPriceChanged(BigDecimal price) {
            setValue(price);
        }
    };

    public StockLiveData(String symbol) {
        stockManager = new StockManager(symbol);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onActive() {
        stockManager.requestPriceUpdates(listener);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onInactive() {
        stockManager.removeUpdates(listener);
    }
}

The implementation of the price listener in this example includes the following important methods:

The onActive() method is called when the LiveData object has an active observer. This means you need to start observing the stock price updates from this method.
The onInactive() method is called when the LiveData object doesn't have any active observers. Since no observers are listening, there is no reason to stay connected to the StockManager service.
The setValue(T) method updates the value of the LiveData instance and notifies any active observers about the change.

You can use the StockLiveData class as follows:

Kotlin

public class MyFragment : Fragment() {
    override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
        val myPriceListener: LiveData<BigDecimal> = ...
        myPriceListener.observe(viewLifecycleOwner, Observer<BigDecimal> { price: BigDecimal? ->
            // Update the UI.
        })
    }
}

Java

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {
    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(@NonNull View view, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState);
        LiveData<BigDecimal> myPriceListener = ...;
        myPriceListener.observe(getViewLifecycleOwner(), price -> {
            // Update the UI.
        });
    }
}

The observe() method passes the LifecycleOwner associated with the fragment's view as the first argument. Doing so denotes that this observer is bound to the Lifecycle object associated with the owner, meaning:

If the Lifecycle object is not in an active state, then the observer isn't called even if the value changes.
After the Lifecycle object is destroyed, the observer is automatically removed.

The fact that LiveData objects are lifecycle-aware means that you can share them between multiple activities, fragments, and services. To keep the example simple, you can implement the LiveData class as a singleton as follows:

Kotlin

class StockLiveData(symbol: String) : LiveData<BigDecimal>() {
    private val stockManager: StockManager = StockManager(symbol)

    private val listener = { price: BigDecimal ->
        value = price
    }

    override fun onActive() {
        stockManager.requestPriceUpdates(listener)
    }

    override fun onInactive() {
        stockManager.removeUpdates(listener)
    }

    companion object {
        private lateinit var sInstance: StockLiveData

        @MainThread
        fun get(symbol: String): StockLiveData {
            sInstance = if (::sInstance.isInitialized) sInstance else StockLiveData(symbol)
            return sInstance
        }
    }
}

Java

public class StockLiveData extends LiveData<BigDecimal> {
    private static StockLiveData sInstance;
    private StockManager stockManager;

    private SimplePriceListener listener = new SimplePriceListener() {
        @Override
        public void onPriceChanged(BigDecimal price) {
            setValue(price);
        }
    };

    @MainThread
    public static StockLiveData get(String symbol) {
        if (sInstance == null) {
            sInstance = new StockLiveData(symbol);
        }
        return sInstance;
    }

    private StockLiveData(String symbol) {
        stockManager = new StockManager(symbol);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onActive() {
        stockManager.requestPriceUpdates(listener);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onInactive() {
        stockManager.removeUpdates(listener);
    }
}

And you can use it in the fragment as follows:

Kotlin

class MyFragment : Fragment() {

    override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState)
        StockLiveData.get(symbol).observe(viewLifecycleOwner, Observer<BigDecimal> { price: BigDecimal? ->
            // Update the UI.
        })

    }

Java

public class MyFragment extends Fragment {
    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(@NonNull View view, @Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState);
        StockLiveData.get(symbol).observe(getViewLifecycleOwner(), price -> {
            // Update the UI.
        });
    }
}

Multiple fragments and activities can observe the MyPriceListener instance. LiveData only connects to the system service if one or more of them is visible and active.

Transform LiveData

You may want to make changes to the value stored in a LiveData object before dispatching it to the observers, or you may need to return a different LiveData instance based on the value of another one. The Lifecycle package provides the Transformations class which includes helper methods that support these scenarios.

Transformations.map(): Applies a function on the value stored in the LiveData object, and propagates the result downstream.

Kotlin

val userLiveData: LiveData<User> = UserLiveData()
val userName: LiveData<String> = userLiveData.map {
    user -> "${user.name} ${user.lastName}"
}

Java

LiveData<User> userLiveData = ...;
LiveData<String> userName = Transformations.map(userLiveData, user -> {
    user.name + " " + user.lastName
});

Transformations.switchMap(): Similar to map(), applies a function to the value stored in the LiveData object and unwraps and dispatches the result downstream. The function passed to switchMap() must return a LiveData object, as illustrated by the following example:

Kotlin

private fun getUser(id: String): LiveData<User> {
  ...
}
val userId: LiveData<String> = ...
val user = userId.switchMap { id -> getUser(id) }

Java

private LiveData<User> getUser(String id) {
  ...;
}

LiveData<String> userId = ...;
LiveData<User> user = Transformations.switchMap(userId, id -> getUser(id) );

You can use transformation methods to carry information across the observer's lifecycle. The transformations aren't calculated unless an observer is watching the returned LiveData object. Because the transformations are calculated lazily, lifecycle-related behavior is implicitly passed down without requiring additional explicit calls or dependencies.

If you think you need a Lifecycle object inside a ViewModel object, a transformation is probably a better solution. For example, assume that you have a UI component that accepts an address and returns the postal code for that address. You can implement the naive ViewModel for this component as illustrated by the following sample code:

Kotlin

class MyViewModel(private val repository: PostalCodeRepository) : ViewModel() {

    private fun getPostalCode(address: String): LiveData<String> {
        // DON'T DO THIS
        return repository.getPostCode(address)
    }
}

Java

class MyViewModel extends ViewModel {
    private final PostalCodeRepository repository;
    public MyViewModel(PostalCodeRepository repository) {
       this.repository = repository;
    }

    private LiveData<String> getPostalCode(String address) {
       // DON'T DO THIS
       return repository.getPostCode(address);
    }
}

The UI component then needs to unregister from the previous LiveData object and register to the new instance each time it calls getPostalCode(). In addition, if the UI component is recreated, it triggers another call to the repository.getPostCode() method instead of using the previous call’s result.

Instead, you can implement the postal code lookup as a transformation of the address input, as shown in the following example:

Kotlin

class MyViewModel(private val repository: PostalCodeRepository) : ViewModel() {
    private val addressInput = MutableLiveData<String>()
    val postalCode: LiveData<String> = addressInput.switchMap {
            address -> repository.getPostCode(address) }


    private fun setInput(address: String) {
        addressInput.value = address
    }
}

Java

class MyViewModel extends ViewModel {
    private final PostalCodeRepository repository;
    private final MutableLiveData<String> addressInput = new MutableLiveData();
    public final LiveData<String> postalCode =
            Transformations.switchMap(addressInput, (address) -> {
                return repository.getPostCode(address);
             });

  public MyViewModel(PostalCodeRepository repository) {
      this.repository = repository
  }

  private void setInput(String address) {
      addressInput.setValue(address);
  }
}

In this case, the postalCode field is defined as a transformation of the addressInput. As long as your app has an active observer associated with the postalCode field, the field's value is recalculated and retrieved whenever addressInput changes.

This mechanism allows lower levels of the app to create LiveData objects that are lazily calculated on demand. A ViewModel object can easily obtain references to LiveData objects and then define transformation rules on top of them.

Create new transformations

There are a dozen different specific transformation that may be useful in your app, but they aren’t provided by default. To implement your own transformation you can you use the MediatorLiveData class, which listens to other LiveData objects and processes events emitted by them. MediatorLiveData correctly propagates its state to the source LiveData object. To learn more about this pattern, see the reference documentation of the Transformations class.

Merge multiple LiveData sources

MediatorLiveData is a subclass of LiveData that allows you to merge multiple LiveData sources. Observers of MediatorLiveData objects are then triggered whenever any of the original LiveData source objects change.

For example, if you have a LiveData object in your UI that can be updated from a local database or a network, then you can add the following sources to the MediatorLiveData object:

A LiveData object associated with the data stored in the database.
A LiveData object associated with the data accessed from the network.

Your activity only needs to observe the MediatorLiveData object to receive updates from both sources. For a detailed example, see the Addendum: exposing network status section of the Guide to App Architecture.

Additional resources

To learn more about the LiveData class, consult the following resources.

Samples

Sunflower, a demo app demonstrating best practices with Architecture Components

Codelabs

Android Room with a View (Java) (Kotlin)
Learn advanced coroutines with Kotlin Flow and LiveData

Blogs

Videos

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