मैन्युअल डिपेंडेंसी इंजेक्शन

class UserRepository(
    private val localDataSource: UserLocalDataSource,
    private val remoteDataSource: UserRemoteDataSource
) { ... }

class UserLocalDataSource { ... }
class UserRemoteDataSource(
    private val loginService: LoginRetrofitService
) { ... }

class UserLocalDataSource {
    public UserLocalDataSource() { }
    ...
}

class UserRemoteDataSource {

    private final Retrofit retrofit;

    public UserRemoteDataSource(Retrofit retrofit) {
        this.retrofit = retrofit;
    }

    ...
}

class UserRepository {

    private final UserLocalDataSource userLocalDataSource;
    private final UserRemoteDataSource userRemoteDataSource;

    public UserRepository(UserLocalDataSource userLocalDataSource, UserRemoteDataSource userRemoteDataSource) {
        this.userLocalDataSource = userLocalDataSource;
        this.userRemoteDataSource = userRemoteDataSource;
    }

    ...
}

class LoginActivity: Activity() {

    private lateinit var loginViewModel: LoginViewModel

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

        // In order to satisfy the dependencies of LoginViewModel, you have to also
        // satisfy the dependencies of all of its dependencies recursively.
        // First, create retrofit which is the dependency of UserRemoteDataSource
        val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder()
            .baseUrl("https://example.com")
            .build()
            .create(LoginService::class.java)

        // Then, satisfy the dependencies of UserRepository
        val remoteDataSource = UserRemoteDataSource(retrofit)
        val localDataSource = UserLocalDataSource()

        // Now you can create an instance of UserRepository that LoginViewModel needs
        val userRepository = UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource)

        // Lastly, create an instance of LoginViewModel with userRepository
        loginViewModel = LoginViewModel(userRepository)
    }
}

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

    private LoginViewModel loginViewModel;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        // In order to satisfy the dependencies of LoginViewModel, you have to also
        // satisfy the dependencies of all of its dependencies recursively.
        // First, create retrofit which is the dependency of UserRemoteDataSource
        Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
                .baseUrl("https://example.com")
                .build()
                .create(LoginService.class);

        // Then, satisfy the dependencies of UserRepository
        UserRemoteDataSource remoteDataSource = new UserRemoteDataSource(retrofit);
        UserLocalDataSource localDataSource = new UserLocalDataSource();

        // Now you can create an instance of UserRepository that LoginViewModel needs
        UserRepository userRepository = new UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource);

        // Lastly, create an instance of LoginViewModel with userRepository
        loginViewModel = new LoginViewModel(userRepository);
    }
}

// Container of objects shared across the whole app
class AppContainer {

    // Since you want to expose userRepository out of the container, you need to satisfy
    // its dependencies as you did before
    private val retrofit = Retrofit.Builder()
                            .baseUrl("https://example.com")
                            .build()
                            .create(LoginService::class.java)

    private val remoteDataSource = UserRemoteDataSource(retrofit)
    private val localDataSource = UserLocalDataSource()

    // userRepository is not private; it'll be exposed
    val userRepository = UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource)
}

// Container of objects shared across the whole app
public class AppContainer {

    // Since you want to expose userRepository out of the container, you need to satisfy
    // its dependencies as you did before
    private Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
            .baseUrl("https://example.com")
            .build()
            .create(LoginService.class);

    private UserRemoteDataSource remoteDataSource = new UserRemoteDataSource(retrofit);
    private UserLocalDataSource localDataSource = new UserLocalDataSource();

    // userRepository is not private; it'll be exposed
    public UserRepository userRepository = new UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource);
}

// Custom Application class that needs to be specified
// in the AndroidManifest.xml file
class MyApplication : Application() {

    // Instance of AppContainer that will be used by all the Activities of the app
    val appContainer = AppContainer()
}

// Custom Application class that needs to be specified
// in the AndroidManifest.xml file
public class MyApplication extends Application {

    // Instance of AppContainer that will be used by all the Activities of the app
    public AppContainer appContainer = new AppContainer();
}

class LoginActivity: Activity() {

    private lateinit var loginViewModel: LoginViewModel

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

        // Gets userRepository from the instance of AppContainer in Application
        val appContainer = (application as MyApplication).appContainer
        loginViewModel = LoginViewModel(appContainer.userRepository)
    }
}

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

    private LoginViewModel loginViewModel;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        // Gets userRepository from the instance of AppContainer in Application
        AppContainer appContainer = ((MyApplication) getApplication()).appContainer;
        loginViewModel = new LoginViewModel(appContainer.userRepository);
    }
}

// Definition of a Factory interface with a function to create objects of a type
interface Factory<T> {
    fun create(): T
}

// Factory for LoginViewModel.
// Since LoginViewModel depends on UserRepository, in order to create instances of
// LoginViewModel, you need an instance of UserRepository that you pass as a parameter.
class LoginViewModelFactory(private val userRepository: UserRepository) : Factory {
    override fun create(): LoginViewModel {
        return LoginViewModel(userRepository)
    }
}

// Definition of a Factory interface with a function to create objects of a type
public interface Factory<T> {
    T create();
}

// Factory for LoginViewModel.
// Since LoginViewModel depends on UserRepository, in order to create instances of
// LoginViewModel, you need an instance of UserRepository that you pass as a parameter.
class LoginViewModelFactory implements Factory {

    private final UserRepository userRepository;

    public LoginViewModelFactory(UserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
    }

    @Override
    public LoginViewModel create() {
        return new LoginViewModel(userRepository);
    }
}

// AppContainer can now provide instances of LoginViewModel with LoginViewModelFactory
class AppContainer {
    ...
    val userRepository = UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource)

    val loginViewModelFactory = LoginViewModelFactory(userRepository)
}

class LoginActivity: Activity() {

    private lateinit var loginViewModel: LoginViewModel

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)

        // Gets LoginViewModelFactory from the application instance of AppContainer
        // to create a new LoginViewModel instance
        val appContainer = (application as MyApplication).appContainer
        loginViewModel = appContainer.loginViewModelFactory.create()
    }
}

// AppContainer can now provide instances of LoginViewModel with LoginViewModelFactory
public class AppContainer {
    ...

    public UserRepository userRepository = new UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource);

    public LoginViewModelFactory loginViewModelFactory = new LoginViewModelFactory(userRepository);
}

public class MainActivity extends Activity {

    private LoginViewModel loginViewModel;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        // Gets LoginViewModelFactory from the application instance of AppContainer
        // to create a new LoginViewModel instance
        AppContainer appContainer = ((MyApplication) getApplication()).appContainer;
        loginViewModel = appContainer.loginViewModelFactory.create();
    }
}

class LoginContainer(val userRepository: UserRepository) {

    val loginData = LoginUserData()

    val loginViewModelFactory = LoginViewModelFactory(userRepository)
}

// AppContainer contains LoginContainer now
class AppContainer {
    ...
    val userRepository = UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource)

    // LoginContainer will be null when the user is NOT in the login flow
    var loginContainer: LoginContainer? = null
}

// Container with Login-specific dependencies
class LoginContainer {

    private final UserRepository userRepository;

    public LoginContainer(UserRepository userRepository) {
        this.userRepository = userRepository;
        loginViewModelFactory = new LoginViewModelFactory(userRepository);
    }

    public LoginUserData loginData = new LoginUserData();

    public LoginViewModelFactory loginViewModelFactory;
}

// AppContainer contains LoginContainer now
public class AppContainer {
    ...
    public UserRepository userRepository = new UserRepository(localDataSource, remoteDataSource);

    // LoginContainer will be null when the user is NOT in the login flow
    public LoginContainer loginContainer;
}

class LoginActivity: Activity() {

    private lateinit var loginViewModel: LoginViewModel
    private lateinit var loginData: LoginUserData
    private lateinit var appContainer: AppContainer


    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        appContainer = (application as MyApplication).appContainer

        // Login flow has started. Populate loginContainer in AppContainer
        appContainer.loginContainer = LoginContainer(appContainer.userRepository)

        loginViewModel = appContainer.loginContainer.loginViewModelFactory.create()
        loginData = appContainer.loginContainer.loginData
    }

    override fun onDestroy() {
        // Login flow is finishing
        // Removing the instance of loginContainer in the AppContainer
        appContainer.loginContainer = null
        super.onDestroy()
    }
}

public class LoginActivity extends Activity {

    private LoginViewModel loginViewModel;
    private LoginData loginData;
    private AppContainer appContainer;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        appContainer = ((MyApplication) getApplication()).appContainer;

        // Login flow has started. Populate loginContainer in AppContainer
        appContainer.loginContainer = new LoginContainer(appContainer.userRepository);

        loginViewModel = appContainer.loginContainer.loginViewModelFactory.create();
        loginData = appContainer.loginContainer.loginData;
    }

    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        // Login flow is finishing
        // Removing the instance of loginContainer in the AppContainer
        appContainer.loginContainer = null;

        super.onDestroy();
    }
}