行為變更：指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式

透過集合功能整理內容 你可以依據偏好儲存及分類內容。

和先前版本一樣，Android 16 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 16 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看影響所有在 Android 16 上執行的應用程式行為變更清單。

使用者體驗和系統使用者介面

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，旨在打造更一致、直覺的使用者體驗。

無邊框螢幕的選擇不採用功能即將停用

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16 Beta 3, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

必須遷移或選擇不採用預測返回功能

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs. or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

Elegant 字型 API 已淘汰並停用

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

核心功能

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，可修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

固定費率工作排程最佳化

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

裝置板型規格

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 針對在大型螢幕裝置上顯示的應用程式，包含下列變更。

自動調整式版面配置

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

健康與健身

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列與健康與健身資料相關的變更。

健康與健身權限

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions are transitioning to the granular permissions under android.permissions.health also used by Health Connect. Any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND now requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Wear Health Services
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from Wear ProtoLayout
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should now request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

連線能力

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 的藍牙堆疊包含下列變更，可改善與周邊裝置的連線能力。

處理失效連結和加密變更的新意圖

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

If your app currently uses custom mechanisms for bond loss handling, migrate to the new intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING to detect and manage bond loss events. We recommend your app guide the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting and re-pairing.

Moreover, if a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is received, your app should be mindful about reconnecting to the device as that device may no longer be bonded with the system.

安全性

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列安全性變更。

MediaStore 版本鎖定

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

更安全的意圖

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

隱私權

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列隱私權變更。

區域網路權限

任何具備 INTERNET 權限的應用程式，都可以存取區域網路上的裝置。這麼做可讓應用程式輕鬆連線至本機裝置，但也涉及隱私權問題，例如形成使用者的指紋，以及成為位置資訊的代理程式。

區域網路保護專案旨在透過新的執行階段權限，限制使用者存取區域網路的權限，以保護使用者的隱私權。

發布計畫

這項異動將分別在 25Q2 和 TBD 兩個版本之間部署。開發人員必須遵循這項 25Q2 指南並提供意見回饋，因為這些防護措施將在後續 Android 版本中強制執行。此外，他們還需要根據以下指南更新依賴隱含本機網路存取權的情況，並為使用者拒絕和撤銷新權限做好準備。

影響

在目前階段，LNP 是選擇加入功能，也就是說只有選擇加入的應用程式會受到影響。選擇加入階段的目標，是讓應用程式開發人員瞭解應用程式的哪些部分依賴隱含的本機網路存取權，以便在下次發布時做好權限保護的準備。

如果應用程式使用以下方式存取使用者的本機網路，就會受到影響：

• 在本機網路位址上直接或透過程式庫使用原始通訊 socket (例如 mDNS 或 SSDP 服務探索通訊協定)
• 使用可存取本機網路的架構層級類別 (例如 NsdManager)

區域網路位址的流量到和從，需要區域網路存取權。下表列出一些常見的情況：

這些限制是在網路堆疊中深層實作，因此適用於所有網路 API。這包括在原生或受管理程式碼中建立的通訊端，Cronet 和 OkHttp 等網路程式庫，以及在這些項目上實作的任何 API。嘗試解析區域網路上的服務 (也就是帶有 .local 後置詞的服務) 時，必須具備區域網路權限。

上述規則的例外狀況：

• 如果裝置的 DNS 伺服器位於區域網路中，則進出該伺服器的流量 (在通訊埠 53) 不需要區域網路存取權。
• 使用 Output Switcher 做為應用程式內挑選器的應用程式不需要區域網路權限 (2025Q4 將提供更多指引)。

開發人員指引 (選擇採用)

如要啟用區域網路限制，請按照下列步驟操作：

1. 將裝置刷新至搭載 25Q2 Beta 3 以上版本的版本。
2. 安裝要測試的應用程式。

3. 在 ADB 中切換 Appcompat 標記：

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. 重新啟動裝置

應用程式現在無法存取區域網路，任何嘗試存取區域網路的動作都會導致通訊端錯誤。如果您使用的是可在應用程式程序外執行本機網路作業的 API (例如 NsdManager)，這些 API 在選擇加入階段不會受到影響。

如要恢復存取權，您必須授予應用程式 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 權限。

1. 請確認應用程式在資訊清單中宣告 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 權限。
2. 依序前往「設定」>「應用程式」>「[應用程式名稱]」>「權限」>「鄰近裝置」>「允許」。

應用程式現在應已恢復對本機網路的存取權，且所有情境應可正常運作，就像在選擇加入應用程式之前一樣。

當區域網路保護措施開始生效後，應用程式網路流量會受到以下影響。

使用下列指令切換關閉 App-Compat 標記

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

錯誤

只要呼叫端的通訊端呼叫傳送作業或傳送變化版本至本機網路位址，系統就會將這些限制所導致的錯誤傳回至呼叫端的通訊端。

錯誤示例：

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

區域網路定義

本專案中的本機網路是指使用可廣播網路介面的 IP 網路，例如 Wi-Fi 或乙太網路，但不包含行動網路 (WWAN) 或 VPN 連線。

以下是本機網路：

IPv4：

• 169.254.0.0/16 // 連結本機
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6：

• 連結本機
• 直接連線路徑
• 類似 Thread 的網路半成品
• 多個子網路 (待定)

此外，多播位址 (224.0.0.0/4、ff00::/8) 和 IPv4 廣播位址 (255.255.255.255) 都歸類為本機網路位址。

應用程式擁有的相片

當指定 SDK 36 以上版本的應用程式在搭載 Android 16 以上版本的裝置上執行時，如果系統提示使用者授予相片和影片權限，選擇限制所選媒體存取權的使用者會在相片挑選器中看到應用程式預先選取的所有相片。使用者可以取消選取任何預先選取的項目，這樣一來，應用程式就無法存取這些相片和影片。