Cambios de comportamiento: todas las apps

La plataforma de Android 16 incluye cambios de comportamiento que podrían afectar tu app. Los siguientes cambios de comportamiento se aplican a todas las apps cuando se ejecutan en Android 16, independientemente de targetSdkVersion. Debes probar tu app y, luego, modificarla según corresponda para admitir estos cambios.

Asegúrate también de revisar la lista de cambios de comportamiento que solo afectan a las apps orientadas a Android 16.

Funcionalidad principal

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que modifican o expanden varias capacidades principales del sistema Android.

Optimizaciones de cuotas de JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motivo de detención de trabajos vacíos abandonados

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Se dejó de usar por completo JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

El alcance de prioridad de transmisión ordenada ya no es global

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

Cambios internos en ART

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

Modo de compatibilidad de tamaño de página de 16 KB

Android 15 introdujo la compatibilidad con páginas de memoria de 16 KB para optimizar el rendimiento de la plataforma. Android 16 agrega un modo de compatibilidad, lo que permite que algunas apps compiladas para páginas de memoria de 4 KB se ejecuten en un dispositivo configurado para páginas de memoria de 16 KB.

Cuando tu app se ejecuta en un dispositivo con Android 16 o versiones posteriores, si Android detecta que tu app tiene páginas de memoria alineadas de 4 KB, usa automáticamente el modo de compatibilidad y muestra un diálogo de notificación al usuario. Si configuras la propiedad android:pageSizeCompat en AndroidManifest.xml para habilitar el modo de compatibilidad con versiones anteriores, se evitará que se muestre el diálogo cuando se inicie tu app. Para usar la propiedad android:pageSizeCompat, compila tu app con el SDK de Android 16.

Para obtener el mejor rendimiento, confiabilidad y estabilidad, tu app aún debe estar alineada en 16 KB. Consulta nuestra entrada de blog reciente sobre cómo actualizar tus apps para que admitan páginas de memoria de 16 KB y obtener más detalles.

El diálogo del modo de compatibilidad que se muestra cuando el sistema detecta que una app alineada a 4 KB podría ejecutarse de manera más óptima si estuviera alineada a 16 KB.

Experiencia del usuario y la IU del sistema

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que tienen como objetivo crear una experiencia del usuario más coherente e intuitiva.

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

Compatibilidad con la navegación con 3 botones

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

The predictive back animations in 3-button navigation mode.

Íconos de apps temáticos automáticos

Beginning with Android 16 QPR 2, Android automatically applies themes to app icons to create a cohesive home screen experience. This occurs if an app does not provide its own themed app icon. Apps can control the design of their themed app icon by including a monochrome layer within their adaptive icon and previewing what their app icon will look like in Android Studio.

Factores de forma del dispositivo

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios para las apps cuando los propietarios de dispositivos virtuales las proyectan en pantallas.

Anulaciones del propietario del dispositivo virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Seguridad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye cambios que promueven la seguridad del sistema para ayudar a proteger las apps y los usuarios de las apps maliciosas.

Mayor seguridad contra ataques de redireccionamiento de intents

Android 16 proporciona seguridad predeterminada contra ataques generales de redireccionamiento de Intent, con cambios mínimos de compatibilidad y para desarrolladores.

Incorporaremos soluciones de refuerzo de seguridad predeterminadas para los ataques de redireccionamiento de Intent. En la mayoría de los casos, las apps que usan intents no tendrán problemas de compatibilidad. Recopilamos métricas durante todo nuestro proceso de desarrollo para supervisar qué apps podrían tener interrupciones.

El redireccionamiento de intents en Android se produce cuando un atacante puede controlar de forma parcial o total el contenido de un intent que se usa para iniciar un componente nuevo en el contexto de una app vulnerable, mientras que la app víctima inicia un intent de nivel secundario no confiable en un campo de extras de un intent ("de nivel superior"). Esto puede provocar que la app del atacante inicie componentes privados en el contexto de la app de la víctima, que se activen acciones con privilegios o que se obtenga acceso a URI de datos sensibles, lo que podría provocar el robo de datos y la ejecución de código arbitrario.

Cómo inhabilitar el control del redireccionamiento de intents

Android 16 presenta una nueva API que permite que las apps inhabiliten las protecciones de seguridad de inicio. Esto puede ser necesario en casos específicos en los que el comportamiento de seguridad predeterminado interfiere con los casos de uso legítimos de la app.

Para las aplicaciones que se compilan con el SDK de Android 16 (nivel de API 36) o versiones posteriores

Puedes usar directamente el método removeLaunchSecurityProtection() en el objeto Intent.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Para aplicaciones que se compilan en Android 15 (nivel de API 35) o versiones anteriores

Si bien no se recomienda, puedes usar la reflexión para acceder al método removeLaunchSecurityProtection().

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Ya no se notifica a las apps complementarias sobre los tiempos de espera de detección

Android 16 introduces a new behavior during companion device pairing flow to protect the user's location privacy from malicious apps. All companion apps running on Android 16 are no longer directly notified of discovery timeout using RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Instead, the user is notified of timeout events with a visual dialog. When the user dismisses the dialog, the app is alerted of the association failure with RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

The search duration has also been extended from the original 20 seconds, and the device discovery can be stopped by the user at any point during the search. If at least one device was discovered within the first 20 seconds of starting the search, the CDM stops searching for additional devices.

Conectividad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios en la pila de Bluetooth para mejorar la conectividad con dispositivos periféricos.

Se mejoró el manejo de la pérdida de vinculación

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.