Google 会使用 AI 技术将内容翻译成您偏好的语言。AI 翻译可能包含错误。

前台服务类型是必填项

为了帮助开发者更有目的地定义面向用户的前台服务，Android 10 在 <service> 元素内引入了 android:foregroundServiceType 属性。

如果您的应用以 Android 14 为目标平台，则必须指定适当的前台服务类型。与以前的 Android 版本一样，可组合使用多个类型。下面列出了可供选择的前台服务类型：

如果应用中的用例与这些类型均不相关，强烈建议您迁移逻辑以使用 WorkManager 或用户发起的数据传输作业。

Android 14 中新增了 health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse 和 systemExempted 类型。

以下代码段提供了一个清单中的前台服务类型声明示例：

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

如果以 Android 14 为目标平台的应用未在清单中定义给定服务的类型，系统会在调用 startForeground() 时引发 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

声明新权限来使用前台服务类型

If apps that target Android 14 use a foreground service, they must declare a specific permission, based on the foreground service type, that Android 14 introduces. These permissions appear in the sections labeled "permission that you must declare in your manifest file" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

All of the permissions are defined as normal permissions and are granted by default. Users cannot revoke these permissions.

在运行时包含前台服务类型

The best practice for applications starting foreground services is to use the ServiceCompat version of startForeground() (available in androidx-core 1.12 and higher) where you pass in a bitwise integer of foreground service types. You can choose to pass one or more type values.

Usually, you should declare only the types required for a particular use case. This makes it easier to meet the system's expectations for each foreground service type. In cases where a foreground service is started with multiple types, then the foreground service must adhere to the platform enforcement requirements of all types.

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

If the foreground service type is not specified in the call, the type defaults to the values defined in the manifest. If you didn't specify the service type in the manifest, the system throws MissingForegroundServiceTypeException.

If the foreground service needs new permissions after you launch it, you should call startForeground() again and add the new service types. For example, suppose a fitness app runs a running-tracker service that always needs location information, but might or might not need media permissions. You would need to declare both location and mediaPlayback in the manifest. If a user starts a run and just wants their location tracked, your app should call startForeground() and pass just the location service type. Then, if the user wants to start playing audio, call startForeground() again and pass location|mediaPlayback.

系统运行时检查

系统会检查前台服务类型的使用是否恰当，并确认应用是否已请求适当的运行时权限或使用所需的 API。例如，系统希望使用前台服务类型 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION 的应用请求 ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION 或 ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION。

这意味着，在向用户请求权限和启动前台服务时，应用必须遵循非常具体的操作顺序。应用在尝试调用 startForeground() 之前，必须先请求并获得所需的权限。在启动前台服务后请求相应权限的应用必须更改此顺序，并在启动前台服务之前请求该权限。

本页面的每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行部分中标记为“运行时要求”的部分列出了平台强制执行的具体内容。

每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行

In order to use a given foreground service type, you must declare a particular permission in your manifest file, you must fulfill specific runtime requirements, and your app must fulfill one of the intended sets of use cases for that type. The following sections explain the permission that you must declare, the runtime prerequisites, and the intended use cases for each type.

摄像头

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under android:foregroundServiceType

camera

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA

Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the CAMERA runtime permission

Note: The CAMERA runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a camera foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue to access the camera from the background, such as video chat apps that allow for multitasking.

连接的设备

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

connectedDevice

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Declare at least one of the following permissions in your manifest:
Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
Call UsbManager.requestPermission()

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

数据同步

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

dataSync

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC

运行时前提条件

无

说明

数据传输操作，例如：

数据上传或下载
备份和恢复操作
导入或导出操作
获取数据
本地文件处理
通过网络在设备和云端之间传输数据

替代方案

如需了解详情，请参阅数据同步前台服务的替代方案。

健康

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

health

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Declare the HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS permission in your manifest.
Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:
- BODY_SENSORS on API level 35 and lower
- READ_HEART_RATE
- READ_SKIN_TEMPERATURE
- READ_OXYGEN_SATURATION
- ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION

Note: The BODY_SENSORS and sensor-based READ runtime permissions are subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a health foreground service that uses body sensors while your app is in the background unless you've been granted the BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND (API level 33 to 35) or READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND (API level 36 and higher) permissions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Any long-running use cases to support apps in the fitness category such as exercise trackers.

位置

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

location

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION

Runtime prerequisites

The user must have enabled location services and the app must be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:

Note: In order to check that the user has enabled location services as well as granted access to the runtime permissions, use PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

Note: The location runtime permissions are subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a location foreground service while your app is in the background, unless you've been granted the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION runtime permission. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Long-running use cases that require location access, such as navigation and location sharing.

Alternatives

If your app needs to be triggered when the user reaches specific locations, consider using the geofence API instead.

媒体

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaPlayback
Permission to declare in your manifest: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Constant to pass to startForeground(): FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Runtime prerequisites: None
Description: Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.
Alternatives: If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.

媒体投影

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaProjection
Permission to declare in your manifest: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Constant to pass to startForeground(): FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Runtime prerequisites: Call the createScreenCaptureIntent() method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.; After you have created the foreground service, you can call MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().
Description: Project content to non-primary display or external device using the MediaProjection APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.
Alternatives: To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.

麦克风

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

microphone

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE

运行时前提条件

请求并获得 RECORD_AUDIO 运行时权限。

注意：RECORD_AUDIO 运行时权限受使用时限制的约束。因此，除少数例外情况外，您无法在应用在后台运行时创建 microphone 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要使用时权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

在后台继续捕获麦克风内容，例如录音器或通信应用。

致电

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

phoneCall

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

App has declared the MANAGE_OWN_CALLS permission in its manifest file.

App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.

Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

远程消息传递

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType: remoteMessaging
Permission to declare in your manifest: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Constant to pass to startForeground(): FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Runtime prerequisites: None
Description: Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.

短期服务

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

shortService

在清单中声明的权限

无

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE

运行时前提条件

无

说明

快速完成不可中断或推迟的关键工作。

这种类型有一些独特的特征：

只能持续运行一小段时间（大约 3 分钟）。
不支持粘性前台服务。
无法启动其他前台服务。
不需要类型专用权限，不过它仍需要 FOREGROUND_SERVICE 权限。
只有当应用当前符合启动新前台服务的条件时，shortService 才能更改为其他服务类型。
前台服务可以随时将其类型更改为 shortService，届时超时期限将开始。

shortService 的超时时间从调用 Service.startForeground() 开始算起。应用应在发生超时之前调用 Service.stopSelf() 或 Service.stopForeground()。否则，系统会调用新的 Service.onTimeout()，让应用有机会调用 stopSelf() 或 stopForeground() 来停止其服务。

调用 Service.onTimeout() 后的短时间内，应用会进入缓存状态，并且不再被视为处于前台，除非用户正在主动与应用互动。应用缓存一小段时间后，服务还未停止，该应用会收到 ANR 消息。ANR 消息提及 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE。出于这些原因，实现 Service.onTimeout() 回调被视为一种最佳实践。

Android 13 及更低版本中不存在 Service.onTimeout() 回调。如果同一服务在此类设备上运行，则不会出现超时，也不会发生 ANR。确保您的服务在完成处理任务后立即停止，即使它尚未收到 Service.onTimeout() 回调也是如此。

请务必注意，如果未遵循 shortService 的超时设置，即使应用还有其他有效的前台服务或其他应用生命周期进程，应用也会遇到 ANR。

如果应用对用户可见，或满足允许从后台启动前台服务的某一豁免条件，则使用 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE 参数再次调用 Service.StartForeground() 会将超时时间再延长 3 分钟。如果应用对用户不可见且不满足其中一个豁免条件，则尝试启动其他前台服务（无论其类型如何）都会导致 ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException。

即使用户为您的应用停用电池优化功能，仍然会受到 shortService FGS 的影响。

如果您启动包含 shortService 类型和另一个前台服务类型的前台服务，系统会忽略 shortService 类型声明。不过，该服务仍必须遵守其他声明类型的先决条件。如需了解详情，请参阅前台服务文档。

特殊用途

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

specialUse

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

系统豁免

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

systemExempted

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

Device is in demo mode state
App is a Device Owner
App is a Profiler Owner
Safety Apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
Device Admin apps
Apps holding SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM or USE_EXACT_ALARM permission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms.
VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)

Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

如果您的应用以 Android 14 或更高版本为目标平台，您需要在 Play 管理中心的“应用内容”页面（政策 > 应用内容）中声明应用的前台服务类型。如需详细了解如何在 Play 管理中心内声明前台服务类型，请参阅了解前台服务和全屏 intent 要求。

前台服务类型是必填项 使用集合让一切井井有条 根据您的偏好保存内容并对其进行分类。

声明新权限来使用前台服务类型

在运行时包含前台服务类型

系统运行时检查

每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行

摄像头

连接的设备

数据同步

健康

位置

媒体

媒体投影

麦克风

致电

远程消息传递

短期服务

特殊用途

系统豁免

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

前台服务类型是必填项