NDK Revision History | Android NDK

Android NDK r27 LTS (July 2024)

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Android NDK r26 LTS (September 2023)

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KitKat (APIs 19 and 20) is no longer supported.

Android NDK r25 LTS (July 2022)

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Includes Android 13 APIs.
Updated LLVM to clang-r450784d, based on LLVM 14 development.

Android NDK r24 (March 2022)

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Announcements

The GNU Assembler (GAS), has been removed. If you were building with -fno-integrated-as you'll need to remove that flag. See Clang Migration Notes for advice on making assembly compatible with LLVM.
GDB has been removed. Use LLDB instead. Note that ndk-gdb uses LLDB by default, and Android Studio has only ever supported LLDB.
Jelly Bean (APIs 16, 17, and 18) is no longer supported. The minimum OS supported by the NDK is KitKat (API level 19).
Non-Neon devices are no longer supported. A very small number of very old devices do not support Neon so most apps will not notice aside from the performance improvement.
RenderScript build support has been removed. RenderScript was deprecated in Android 12. If you have not finished migrating your apps away from RenderScript, NDK r23 LTS can be used.

Android NDK r23 LTS (August 2021)

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GNU binutils, excluding the GNU Assembler (GAS), has been removed. GAS will be removed in the next release. If you are building with -fno-integrated-as, file bugs if anything is preventing you from removing that flag.
Support for GDB has ended. GDB will be removed from the next release. Use LLDB instead. Note that ndk-gdb uses LLDB by default.
NDK r23 is the last release that will support non-Neon. Beginning with NDK r24, the armeabi-v7a libraries in the sysroot will be built with Neon. A very small number of very old devices do not support Neon so most apps will not notice aside from the performance improvement.
Jelly Bean (APIs 16, 17, and 18) will not be supported in the next NDK release. The minimum OS supported by the NDK for r24 will be KitKat (API level 19).

Android NDK r22b (March 2021)

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Announcements

GNU binutils is deprecated and will be removed in an upcoming NDK release. Note that the GNU assembler (as) is a part of this. If you are building with -fno-integrated-as, file bugs if anything is preventing you from removing that flag. If you're using as directly, use clang instead.
LLD is now the default linker. ndk-build and our CMake toolchain file have also migrated to using llvm-ar and llvm-strip.
ndk-gdb now uses lldb as the debugger. gdb is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. To fall back to gdb, use --no-lldb option. But please file a bug explaining why you couldn't use lldb.
std::filesystem support is now included. There are two known issues:
- Issue 1258: std::filesystem::perm_options::nofollow may not be honored on old devices.
- Issue 1260: std::filesystem::canonical will incorrectly succeed when passed a non-existent path on old devices.

Android NDK r21e LTS (January 2021)

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32-bit Windows is no longer supported. This does not affect the vast majority of users. If you do still need to build NDK apps from 32-bit versions of Windows, continue using NDK r20.

For more information on this change within Android Developer tools, see the blog post on the topic.
LLD is now available for testing. AOSP has switched to using LLD by default and the NDK will follow (timeline unknown). Test LLD in your app by passing -fuse-ld=lld when linking. Note that Issue 843 will affect builds using LLD with binutils strip and objcopy as opposed to llvm-strip and llvm-objcopy.
The legacy toolchain install paths will be removed over the coming releases. These paths have been obsolete since NDK r19 and take up a considerable amount of space in the NDK. The paths being removed are:
- platforms
- sources/cxx-stl
- sysroot
- toolchains (with the exception of toolchains/llvm)
In general this change should only affect build system maintainers, or those using build systems that are not up to date. ndk-build and the CMake toolchain users are unaffected, and neither are make_standalone_toolchain.py users (though that script has been unnecessary since r19). For information on migrating away from the legacy toolchain layout, see the Build System Maintainers Guide for the NDK version you're using.
The Play Store will require 64-bit support when uploading an APK beginning in August 2019. Start porting now to avoid surprises when the time comes. For more information, see this blog post.
A macOS app bundle that is signed and notarized is now available for download from our wiki and our website. Note that because only bundles may use RPATHs and pass notarization, the traditional NDK package for macOS cannot be notarized. The SDK will continue to use the traditional package as the app bundle requires layout changes that would make it incompatible with Android Studio. The NDK is not quarantined when it is downloaded via the SDK manager, so is currently allowed by Gatekeeper. The SDK manager is currently the most reliable way to get the NDK for macOS.

Android NDK r20b (June 2019)

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Announcements

LLD is now available for testing. AOSP is in the process of switching to using LLD by default and the NDK will follow (timeline unknown). Test LLD in your app by passing -fuse-ld=lld when linking.
The Play Store will require 64-bit support when uploading an APK beginning in August 2019. Start porting now to avoid surprises when the time comes. For more information, see this blog post.
Added Android Q APIs.

Android NDK r19c (January 2019)

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Announcements

Developers should begin testing their apps with LLD. AOSP has switched to using LLD by default and the NDK will use it by default in the next release. BFD and Gold will be removed once LLD has been through a release cycle with no major unresolved issues (estimated r21). Test LLD in your app by passing -fuse-ld=lld when linking. Note: lld does not currently support compressed symbols on Windows. Issue 888. Clang also cannot generate compressed symbols on Windows, but this can be a problem when using artifacts built from Darwin or Linux.
The Play Store will require 64-bit support when uploading an APK beginning in August 2019. Start porting now to avoid surprises when the time comes. For more information, see this blog post.
Issue 780: Standalone toolchains are now unnecessary. Clang, binutils, the sysroot, and other toolchain pieces are now all installed to $NDK/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/<host-tag> and Clang will automatically find them. Instead of creating a standalone toolchain for API 26 ARM, instead invoke the compiler directly from the NDK:
```
$ $NDK/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt//bin/armv7a-linux-androideabi26-clang++ src.cpp
           
```
For r19 the toolchain is also installed to the old path to give build systems a chance to adapt to the new layout. The old paths will be removed in r20. The make_standalone_toolchain.py script will not be removed. It is now unnecessary and will emit a warning with the above information, but the script will remain to preserve existing workflows. If you're using ndk-build, CMake, or a standalone toolchain, there should be no change to your workflow. This change is meaningful for maintainers of third-party build systems, who should now be able to delete some Android-specific code. For more information, see the Build System Maintainers guide.
ndk-depends has been removed. We believe that ReLinker is a better solution to native library loading issues on old Android versions.
Issue 862: The GCC wrapper scripts which redirected to Clang have been removed, as they are not functional enough to be drop in replacements.

Android NDK r18b (September 2018)

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GCC has been removed.
LLD is now available for testing. AOSP is in the process of switching to using LLD by default and the NDK will follow (timeline unknown). Test LLD in your app by passing -fuse-ld=lld when linking.
gnustl, gabi++, and stlport have been removed.
Support for ICS (android-14 and android-15) has been removed. Apps using executables no longer need to provide both a PIE and non-PIE executable.
The Play Store will require 64-bit support when uploading an APK beginning in August 2019. Start porting now to avoid surprises when the time comes. For more information, see this blog post.

Android NDK r17c (June 2018)

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Announcements

GCC is no longer supported. It will be removed in NDK r18.
libc++ is now the default STL for CMake and standalone toolchains. If you manually selected a different STL, we strongly encourage you to move to libc++. Note that ndk-build still defaults to no STL. For more details, see this blog post.
gnustl and stlport are deprecated and will be removed in NDK r18.
Support for ARMv5 (armeabi), MIPS, and MIPS64 has been removed. Attempting to build any of these ABIs will result in an error.
Support for ICS (android-14 and android-15) will be removed from r18.
The Play Store will require 64-bit support when uploading an APK beginning in August 2019. Start porting now to avoid surprises when the time comes. For more information, see this blog post.

Android NDK r16b (December 2017)

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Announcements

The deprecated headers have been removed. Unified Headers are now simply "The Headers". For migration tips, see Unified Headers Migration Notes.
GCC is no longer supported. It will not be removed from the NDK just yet, but is no longer receiving backports. It cannot be removed until after libc++ has become stable enough to be the default, as some parts of gnustl are still incompatible with Clang. It will be removed when the other STLs are removed in r18.
libc++ is out of beta and is now the preferred STL in the NDK. Starting in r17, libc++ is the default STL for CMake and standalone toolchains. If you manually selected a different STL, we strongly encourage you to move to libc++. For more details, see this blog post.
Support for ARM5 (armeabi), MIPS, and MIPS64 are deprecated. They will no longer build by default with ndk-build, but are still buildable if they are explicitly named, and will be included by "all", "all32", and "all64". Support for each of these has been removed in r17. Both CMake and ndk-build will issue a warning if you target any of these ABIs.

APIs

Added native APIs for Android 8.1. To learn more about these APIs, see the Native APIs overview.

For additional information about what's new and changed in this release, see this changelog.

Android NDK r15c (July 2017)

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Unified headers are enabled by default. To learn how to use these headers, see Unified Headers.

Note: The deprecated headers will be removed in an upcoming release. If you encounter any issues with these headers, please file a bug.

For migration tips, see the unified headers migration notes.

GCC is no longer supported. It is not removed from NDK yet, but is no longer receiving backports. It cannot be removed until after libc++ stabilizes enough to be the default, as some parts of gnustl are still incompatible with Clang.
Android 2.3 (android-9) is no longer supported. The minimum API level target in the NDK is now Android 4.0 (android-14). If your APP_PLATFORM is set lower than android-14, android-14 is used instead.
CMake in NDK now supports building assembly code written in YASM to run on x86 and x86-64 architectures. To learn more, see Building assembly code.

APIs

Added native APIs for Android 8.0. To learn more about these APIs, see the Native APIs overview.

For additional information about what's new and changed in this release, see this changelog.

Android NDK r14b (March 2017)

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Announcements

Unified headers: This release introduces platform headers that are synchronized and kept always up-to-date and accurate with the Android platform. Header-only bug fixes now affect all API levels. The introduction of unified headers fixes inconsistencies in earlier NDK releases, such as:
- Headers in M and N were actually headers for L.
- Function declarations in headers did not match their platform levels correctly; headers declared non-existent functions or failed to declare available functions.
- Several of the old API levels had missing or incorrect constants that were in newer API levels.
These new unified headers are not enabled by default. To learn how to enable and use these headers, see Unified Headers.
GCC deprecation: This release ends active support for GCC. GCC is not removed from the NDK just yet, but will no longer receive backports. As some parts of gnustl are still incompatible with Clang, GCC won't be entirely removed until after libc++ has become stable enough to be the default.

For additional information about what's new and changed in this release, see this changelog.

Android NDK r13b (October 2016)

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Announcements

GCC is no longer supported. It will not be removed from the NDK just yet, but is no longer receiving backports. It cannot be removed until after libc++ has become stable enough to be the default, as some parts of gnustl are still incompatible with Clang. It will likely be removed after that point.
Added simpleperf, a CPU profiler for Android.

r13b

Additional fixes for missing __cxa_bad_cast.

NDK

NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION now defaults to Clang.
libc++ has been updated to r263688.
We've reset to a (nearly) clean upstream. This should remove a number of bugs, but we still need to clean up libandroid_support before we will recommend it as the default.
make-standalone-toolchain.sh is now simply a wrapper around the Python version of the tool. There are a few behavioral differences. See the commit message for details.
Some libraries for unsupported ABIs have been removed (mips64r2, mips32r6, mips32r2, and x32). There might still be some stragglers.
Issues with crtbegin_static.o that resulted in missing atexit at link time when building a static executable for ARM android-21+ have been resolved: Issue 132
Added CMake toolchain file in build/cmake/android.toolchain.cmake.

Known Issues

This is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all outstanding bugs.
Standlone toolchains using libc++ and GCC do not work. This seems to be a bug in GCC. See the commit message for more details.
Bionic headers and libraries for Marshmallow and N are not yet exposed despite the presence of android-24. Those platforms are still the Lollipop headers and libraries (not a regression from r11).
RenderScript tools are not present (not a regression from r11): Issue 7.

Android NDK r12b (June 2016)

Downloads
Announcements
NDK
Clang
GCC
Binutils
GDB
Known Issues

Android NDK r12 (June 2016)

Downloads
Announcements
NDK
Clang
GCC
Binutils
GDB
Known Issues

Android NDK r11c (March 2016)

Changes

Android NDK r11b (March 2016)

NDK

Important announcements
- We’ve moved our bug tracker to GitHub.
Changes
- ndk-gdb.py is fixed. It had regressed entirely in r11.
- ndk-gdb for Mac is fixed.
- Added more top-level shortcuts for command line tools:
  - ndk-depends.
  - ndk-gdb.
  - ndk-stack.
  - ndk-which. This command had been entirely absent from previous releases.
- Fixed standalone toolchains for libc++, which had been missing __cxxabi_config.h.
- Fixed help documentation for --toolchain in make-standalone-toolchain.sh.

Clang

Errata

Contrary to what we reported in the r11 Release Notes, __thread does not work. This is because the version of Clang we ship is missing a bug fix for emulated TLS support.

Android NDK r11 (March 2016)

Clang

Important announcements
- We strongly recommend switching to Clang.
  - If you experience problems with Clang, file bugs here for issues specific to Clang in the NDK. For more general Clang issues, file bugs by following the instructions on this page.
- Clang has been updated to 3.8svn (r243773, build 2481030).
  - This version is a nearly pure upstream Clang.
  - The Windows 64-bit downloadable NDK package contains a 32-bit version of Clang.
Additions
- Clang now provides support for emulated TLS.
  - The compiler now supports __thread by emulating ELF TLS with pthread thread-specific data.
  - C++11 thread_local works in some cases, but not for data with non-trivial destructors, because those cases require support from libc. This limitation does not apply when running on Android 6.0 (API level 23) or newer.
  - Emulated TLS does not yet work with Aarch64 when TLS variables are accessed from a shared library.

GCC

Important announcements

GCC in the NDK is now deprecated in favor of Clang.
- The NDK will neither be upgrading to 5.x, nor accept non-critical backports.
- Maintenance for miscompiles and internal compiler errors in 4.9 will be handled on a case by case basis.

Removals
- Removed GCC 4.8. All targets now use GCC 4.9.
Other changes
- Synchronized google/gcc-4_9 to r224707. Previously, it had been synchronized with r214835.

NDK

Important announcements
- The samples are no longer included in the NDK package. They are instead available on GitHub.
- The documentation is no longer included in the NDK package. Instead, it is on the Android developer website.
Additions
- Added a native tracing API to android-23.
- Added a native multinetwork API to android-23.
- Enabled libc, m, and dl to provide versioned symbols, starting from API level 21.
- Added Vulkan headers and library to API level N.
Removals
- Removed support for _WCHAR_IS_8BIT.
- Removed sed.
- Removed mclinker.
- Removed Perl.
- Removed from all versions of NDK libc, m, and dl all symbols which the platform versions of those libs do not support.
- Partially removed support for mips64r2. The rest will be removed in the future.
Other changes
- Changed ARM standalone toolchains to default to arm7.
  - You can restore the old behavior by passing specifying the -target option as armv5te-linux-androideabi.
- Changed the build system to use -isystem for platform includes.
  - Warnings that bionic causes no longer break app builds.
- Fixed a segfault that occurred when a binary threw exceptions via gabi++. (Issue 179410)
- Changed libc++’s inline namespace to std::__ndk1 to prevent ODR issues with platform libc++.
- All libc++ libraries are now built with libc++abi.
- Bumped default APP_PLATFORM to Gingerbread.
  - Expect support for Froyo and older to be dropped in a future release.
Updated gabi++ _Unwind_Exception struct for 64 bits.
Added the following capabilities to cpufeatures:
- Detect SSE4.1 and SSE4.2.
- Detect cpu features on x86_64.
Updated libc++abi to upstream r231075.
Updated byteswap.h, endian.h, sys/procfs.h, sys/ucontext.h, sys/user.h, and uchar.h from ToT Bionic.
Synchronized sys/cdefs.h across all API levels.
Fixed fegetenv and fesetenv for arm.
Fix end pointer size/alignment of crtend_* for mips64 and x86_64.

Binutils

Additions
- Added a new option: --pic-veneer.
Removals
- The 32-bit Windows package no longer contains ld.gold. You can instead get ld.gold from the 64-bit Windows package.
Changes
- Unified binutils source between Android and ChromiumOS. For more information on this change, see the comments here.
- Improved reliability of Gold for aarch64. Use -fuse-ld=gold at link time to use gold instead of bfd. The default will likely switch in the next release.
- Improved linking time for huge binaries for Gold ARM back end (up to 50% linking time reduction for debuggable Chrome Browser).

GDB

Removals
- Removed ndk-gdb in favor of ndk-gdb.py.
Changes
- Updated gdb to version 7.10.
- Improved performance.
- Improved error messages.
- Fixed relative project paths.
- Stopped Ctrl-C from killing the backgrounded gdbserver.
- Improved Windows support.

YASM

Changes
- Updated YASM to version 1.3.0.

Known issues

x86 ASAN does not currently work. For more information, see the discussion here.
The combination of Clang, x86, stlport_static, and optimization levels higher than -O0 causes test failures with dynamic_cast. For more information, see the comments here.
Exception handling often fails with c++_shared on ARM32. The root cause is incompatibility between the LLVM unwinder that libc++abi uses for ARM32 and libgcc. This behavior is not a regression from r10e.

Android NDK r10e (May 2015)

Downloads

Downloads for this release are archived here.

Important changes:

Integrated the workaround for Cortex-A53 Erratum 843419 into the aarch64-linux-android-4.9 linker. For more information on this workaround, see Workaround for cortex-a53 erratum 843419.
Added Clang 3.6; NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang now picks that version of Clang by default.
Removed Clang 3.4.
Removed GCC 4.6.
Implemented multithreading support in ld.gold for all architectures. It can now link with or without support for multithreading; the default is to do it without.
- To compile with multithreading, use the --threads option.
- To compile without multithreading, use the --no-threads option.
Upgraded GDB/gdbserver to 7.7 for all architectures.
Removed the NDK package for 32-bit Darwin.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed a crash that occurred when there were OpenMP loops outside of the main thread.
Fixed a GCC 4.9 internal compiler error (ICE) that occurred when the user declared #pragma GCC optimize ("O0"), but had a different level of optimization specified on the command line. The pragma takes precedence.
Fixed an error that used to produce a crash with the following error message:
```
in add_stores, at var-tracking.c:6000
```
Implemented a workaround for a Clang 3.5 issue in which LLVM auto-vectorization generates llvm.cttz.v2i64(), an instruction with no counterpart in the ARM instruction set.

Other bug fixes:

Made the following header and library fixes:

Fixed PROPERTY_* in media/NdkMediaDrm.h.
Fixed sys/ucontext.h for mips64.
Dropped the Clang version check for __builtin_isnan and __builtin_isinf.
Added android-21/arch-mips/usr/include/asm/reg.h and android-21/arch-mips64/usr/include/asm/reg.h.

Fixed a spurious array-bounds warning that GCC 4.9 produced for x86, and reenabled the array bounds warning that GCC 4.9 had produced for ARM. The warning for ARM had previously been unconditionally disabled.
Fixed Clang 3.5 for mips and mips64 to create a writable .gcc_except_table section, thus matching GCC behavior. This change allows you to avoid the following linker warning:
```
.../ld: warning: creating a DT_TEXTREL in a shared object
```
Backported a fix for compiler-rt issues that were causing crashes when Clang compiled for mips64. For more information, see LLVM Issue 20098.
Fixed Clang 3.5 crashes that occurred on non-ASCII comments. (Issue 81440)
Fixed stlport collate::compare to return -1 and 1. Previously, it had returned arbitrary signed numbers.
Fixed ndk-gdb for 64-bit ABIs. (Issue 118300)
Fixed the crash that the HelloComputeNDK sample for RenderScript was producing on Android 4.4 (Android API level 19). For more information, see this page.
Fixed libc++ __wrap_iter for GCC. For more information, see LLVM Issue 22355.
Fixed .asm support for ABI x86_64.
Implemented a workaround for the GCC 4.8 stlport issue. (Issue 127773)
Removed the trailing directory separator \\ from the project path in Windows. (Issue 160584)
Fixed a no rule to make target error that occurred when compiling a single .c file by executing the ndk-build.cmd command from gradle. (Issue 66937)
Added the libatomic.a and libgomp.a libraries that had been missing from the following host toolchains:
- aarch64-linux-android-4.9
- mips64el-linux-android-4.9
- mipsel-linux-android-4.9
- x86_64-4.9

Other changes:

Added ld.gold for aarch64. The default linker remains ld.bfd. To explicitly enable ld.gold, add -fuse-ld=gold to the LOCAL_LDFLAGS or APP_LDFLAGS variable.
Built the MIPS and MIPS64 toolchains with binutils-2.25, which provides improved R6 support.
Made -fstandalone-debug (full debug info) a default option for Clang.
Replaced -fstack-protector with -fstack-protector-strong for the ARM, AArch64, X86, and X86_64 toolchains for GCC 4.9, Clang 3.5, and Clang 3.6.
Added the --package command-line switch to ndk-gdb to allow the build system to override the package name. (Issue 56189)
Deprecated -mno-ldc1-stc1 for MIPS. This option may not work with the new -fpxx and -mno-odd-spreg options, or with the FPXX ABI.
Added MIPS MSA and R6 detection to cpu-features.

Android NDK r10d (December 2014)

Important changes:

Made GCC 4.8 the default for all 32-bit ABIs. Deprecated GCC 4.6, and will remove it next release. To restore previous behavior, either add NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.6 to ndk-build, or add --toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.6 when executing make-standalone-toolchain.sh on the command line. GCC 4.9 remains the default for 64-bit ABIs.
Stopped all x86[_64] toolchains from adding -mstackrealign by default. The NDK toolchain assumes a 16-byte stack alignment. The tools and options used by default enforce this rule. A user writing assembly code must make sure to preserve stack alignment, and ensure that other compilers also comply with this rule. (GCC bug 38496)
Added Address Sanitizer functionality to Clang 3.5 support to the ARM and x86 ABIs. For more information on this change, see the Address Sanitizer project.
Introduced the requirement, starting from API level 21, to use -fPIE -pie when building. In API levels 16 and higher, ndk-build uses PIE when building. This change has a number of implications, which are discussed in Developer Preview Issue 888. These implications do not apply to shared libraries.

Important bug fixes:

Made more fixes related to A53 Errata #835769 in the aarch64-linux-android-4.9 linker. As part of this, GCC passes a new option, --fix-cortex-a53-835769, when -mfix-cortex-a53-835769 (enabled by default) is specified. For more information, see this binutils message and this binutils message.
Documented a fix to a libc++ sscanf/vsscanf hang that occurred in API level 21. The fix itself had been implemented in r10c. (Issue 77988)
Fixed an AutoFDO (-fauto-profile) crash that occurred with GCC 4.9 when -Os was specified. (Issue 77571)

Other bug fixes:

Made the following header and library fixes:

Added posix_memalign to API level 16. Also, added a prototype in stdlib.h to API levels 16 to 19. (Issue 77861)
Fixed stdatomic.h so that it includes <atomic> only for C++11.
Modified the following headers for standalone use: sys/user.h, and gl2ext.h, dlext.h, fts.h, sgidefs.h for API level 21.
Modified sys/user.h to rename mxcsr_mask as mxcr_mask, and to change the data type for u_ar0

unsigned long

Changed sysconf() return value type from int to long.

Fixed ndk-build's handling of thumb for LOCAL_ARM_MODE: In r10d, ndk-build adds LOCAL_LDFLAGS+=-mthumb by default, unless one of the following conditions applies:

You have set LOCAL_ARM_MODE equal to arm.
You are doing a debug build (with settings such as APP_OPTIM=debug and AndroidManifest.xml containing android:debuggable="true"), where ARM mode is the default in order to retain compatibility with earlier toolchains. (Issue 74040)

Fixed LOCAL_SRC_FILES in ndk-build to use Windows absolute paths. (Issue 74333)
Removed bash-specific code from ndk-gdb. (Issue 73338)
Removed bash-specific code from make-standalone-toolchain.sh. (Issue 74145)
Revised documentation concerning a fix for System.loadLibrary() transitive dependencies. (Issue 41790)
Fixed a problem that was preventing 64-bit packages from extracting on Ubuntu 14.04 and OS X 10.10 (Yosemite). (Issue 78148)
Fixed an issue with LOCAL_PCH to improve Clang support. (Issue 77575)
Clarified "requires executable stack" warning from ld.gold. (Issue 79115)

Android NDK r10c (October 2014)

Important changes:

Made the following changes to download structure:

Each package now contains both the 32- and the 64-bit headers, libraries, and tools for its respective platform.
STL libraries with debugging info no longer need be downloaded separately.

Changed everything previously called Android-L to the official release designation: android-21.
Updated GCC 4.9 by rebasing to the google branch of the GCC repository. Major differences from the upstream version of GCC 4.9 include:

The -O2 option now turns on vectorization, without loop peeling but with more aggressive unrolling.
Enhancements to FDO and LIPO

For more detailed information, see Important bug fixes below.

Added Clang 3.5 support to all hosts: NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang now picks Clang 3.5. Note that:

ARM and x86 default to using the integrated assembler. If this causes issues, use -fno-integrated-as as a workaround.
Clang 3.5 issues more warnings for unused flags, such as the -finline-functions option that GCC supports.

When migrating from projects using GCC, you can use -Wno-invalid-command-line-argument and -Wno-unused-command-line-argument to ignore the unused flags until you're able decide on what to do with them longer-term.

Made it possible to enter ART debugging mode, when debugging on an Android 5.0 device using ART as its virtual machine, by specifying the art-on option. For more information, see prebuilt/common/gdb/common.setup in the directory containing the NDK.
Removed support for Clang 3.3.
Deprecated GCC 4.6, and may remove it from future releases.
Updated mclinker to 2.8 with Identical Code Folding ("ICF") support. Specify ICF using the --icf option.
Broadened arm_neon.h support in x86 and x86_64, attaining coverage of ~93% of NEON intrinsics. For more information about NEON support:
- Navigate to the NDK Programmer's Guide (docs/Programmers_Guide/html/), and see Architectures and CPUs > Neon.
- Examine the updated hello-neon sample in samples/.
- See Intel's guide to porting from ARM NEON to Intel SSE.
Documented support for _FORTIFY_SOURCE in headers/libs/android-21, which appeared in r10 (when android-21 was still called Android-L), but had no documentation.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed an internal compiler error with GCC4.9/aarch64 that was causing the following error message (Issue 77564):

internal compiler error: in simplify_const_unary_operation, at simplify-rtx.c:1539

Fixed incorrect code generation from GCC4.9/arm. (Issue 77567 )

Fixed an internal compiler error with GCC4.9/mips involving inline-assembly. (Issue 77568)
Fixed incorrect code that GCC4.9/arm was generating for x = (cond) ? y : x. (Issue 77569)
Fixed GCC4.9/aarch64 and Clang3.5/aarch64 to work around the Cortex-A53 erratum (835769) by default. Disable the workaround by specifying -mno-fix-cortex-a53-835769.

Other bug fixes:

Made the following header and library fixes to android-21:
- Added more TV keycodes: android/keycodes.h
- Added more constants and six new sensor functions to android/sensor.h: ASensorManager_getDefaultSensorEx, ASensor_getFifoMaxEventCount, ASensor_getFifoReservedEventCount, ASensor_getStringType, ASensor_getReportingMode, and ASensor_isWakeUpSensor.
- Fixed stdatomic.h to improve compatibility with GCC 4.6, and provide support for the <atomic> header.
- Added sys/ucontext.h and sys/user.h to all API levels. The signal.h header now includes <sys/ucontext.h>. You may remove any existing definition of struct ucontext.
- Added posix_memalign to API levels 17, 18, and 19.
- Added the following functions to all architectures: android_set_abort_message, posix_fadvise, posix_fadvise64, pthread_gettid_np.
- Added the required permissions to the native-media/AndroidManifest.xml sample. (Issue 106640)
- Added clock_nanosleep and clock_settime to API level 21. (Issue 77372)
- Removed the following symbols from all architectures: get_malloc_leak_info, free_malloc_leak_info, __srget, __swbuf, __srefill, __swsetup, __sdidinit, __sflags, __sfp, __sinit, __smakebuf, __sflush, __sread, __swrite, __sseek, __sclose, _fwalk, __sglue, __get_thread, __wait4, __futex_wake, __open, __get_tls, __getdents64, and dlmalloc.
- Removed the following functions from the 64-bit architectures: basename_r, dirname_r, __isthreaded, _flush_cache (mips64).
- Removed the following function from the 32-bit architectures: __signalfd4.
- Changed the type of the third argument from size_t to int in the following functions: strtoll_l, strtoull_l, wcstoll_l, and wcstoull_l.
- Restored the following functions to the 64-bit architecture: arc4random, arc4random_buf, and arc4random_uniform.
- Moved cxa_* and the new and delete operators back to libstdc++.so. This change restores r9d behavior; previous versions of r10 contained placeholder files.
Restored MXU support in GCC 4.8 and 4.9 for mips. This support had been absent from r10 and r10b because those versions of GCC had been compiled with binutils-2.24, which did not support MXU. It now does.
Fixed --toolchain= in make-standalone-toolchain.sh so that it now properly supports use of a suffix specifying a version of Clang.
Fixed the libc++/armeabi strtod() functions.
Made fixes to NDK documentation in docs/.

Other changes:

Enhanced cpu-features to detect ARMv8 support for the following instruction sets: AES, CRC32, SHA2, SHA1, and 64-bit PMULL/PMULL2. (Issue 106360)
Modified ndk-build to use *-gcc-ar, which is available in GCC 4.8, GCC 4.9, and Clang. Clang specifies it, instead of *-ar. This setting brings improved LTO support.
Removed the include-fixed/linux/a.out.h and include-fixed/linux/compiler.h headers from the GCC compiler. (Issue 73728)
Fixed an issue related to -flto with GCC 4.8 on Mac OS X. The error message read:

.../ld: error: .../libexec/gcc/arm-linux-androideabi/4.9/liblto_plugin.so
Symbol not found: _environ

Fixed a typo in build-binary.mk. (Issue 76992)

Important known issues:

Specifying -Os (-fauto-profile) in GCC4.9 may cause crashing. (Issue 77571)

Android NDK r10b (September 2014)

Important notes:

Because of the 512MB size restriction on downloadable packages, the following 32-bit items are not in the 32-bit NDK download packages. Instead, they reside in the 64-bit ones:

Android-L headers
GCC 4.9

Currently, the only Renderscript support provided by the NDK is for 32-bit Renderscript with Android 4.4 (API level 19). You cannot build HelloComputeNDK (the only Renderscript sample) with any other combination of Renderscript (32- or 64-bit) and Android version.
To compile native-codec, you must use a 64-bit NDK package, which is where all the Android-L headers are located.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed gdb 7.6 in GCC 4.8/4.9. (Issues 74112 and 74371.)
Fixed GCC 4.8/4.9 for x86, so that they no longer enable -msse4.2 and -mpopcnt by default. (Issue 73843.)

Other bug fixes:

Removed stdio.h from the include-fixed/ directories of all versions of GCC. (Issue 73728.)
Removed duplicate header files from the Windows packages in the platforms/android-L/arch-*/usr/include/linux/netfilter*/ directories. (Issue 73704.)
Fixed a problem that prevented Clang from building HelloComputeNDK.
Fixed atexit. (Issue 66595.)
Made various fixes to the docs in docs/ and sources/third_party/googletest/README.NDK. (Issue 74069.)
Made the following fixes to the Android-L headers:

Added the following functions to ctype.h and wchar.h: dn_expand(), grantpt(), inet_nsap_addr(), inet_nsap_ntoa(), insque(), nsdispatch(), posix_openpt(), __pthread_cleanup_pop(), __pthread_cleanup_push(), remque(), setfsgid(), setfsuid(), splice(), tee(), twalk() (Issue 73719), and 42 *_l() functions.
Renamed cmsg_nxthdr to __cmsg_nxthdr.
Removed __libc_malloc_dispatch.
Changed the ptrace() prototype to long ptrace(int, ...);.
Removed sha1.h.
Extended android_dlextinfo in android/dlext.h.
Annotated __NDK_FPABI__ for functions receiving or returning float- or double-type values in stdlib.h, time.h, wchar.h, and complex.h.

Other changes:

Updated mipsel-linux-android-4.9 and mips64el-linux-android-4.9, implementing a new multilib directory layout, and providing support for gdb-7.7
Enhanced cpu-features to detect more arm64 features. (Change list 100339.)

Android NDK r10 (July 2014)

Important changes:

Added 3 new ABIs, all 64-bit: arm64-v8a, x86_64, mips64.

GCC 4.9 is the default compiler for 64-bit ABIs. Clang is currently version 3.4. NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang may not work for arm64-v8a and mips64.
Android-L is the first level with 64-bit support. Note that this API level is a temporary one, and only for L-preview. An actual API level number will replace it at L-release.
This release includes now includes all32 and all64 settings for APP_ABI.
- APP_ABI=all32 is equivalent to APP_ABI=armeabi,armeabi-v7a,x86,mips.
- APP_ABI=all64 is equivalent to APP_ABI=arm64-v8a,x86_64,mips64.
- APP_ABI=all selects all ABIs.
The new GNU libstdc++ in Android-L contains all <tr1/cmath> Before defining your own math function, check _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH_TR1 to see a function with that name already exists, in order to avoid "multiple definition" errors from the linker.
The cpu-features library has been updated for the ARMv8 kernel. The existing cpu-features library may fail to detect the presence of NEON on the ARMv8 platform. Recompile your code with the new version.

Added a new platforms/android-L/ API directory. It includes:

Updated Bionic headers, which had not changed from Android API levels 3 (Cupcake) to 19 (KitKat). This new version, for level L, is to be synchronized with AOSP.
New media APIs and a native-codec sample.
An updated Android.h header for SLES/OpenSLES, enabling support for single-precision, floating-point audio format in AudioPlayer.
GLES 3.1 and AEP extensions to libGLESv3.so.
GLES2 and GLES3 headers updated to the latest official Khronos versions.

Added GCC 4.9 compilers to the 32-/64-bit ABIs. GCC 4.9 is the default (only) compiler for 64-bit ABIs, as previously mentioned. For 32-bit ABIs, you must explicitly enable GCC 4.9, as GCC 4.6 is still the default.

For ndk-build, enable 32-bit, GCC 4.9 building either by adding NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.9 to Application.mk, or exporting it as an environment variable from the command line.
For a standalone toolchain, use the --toolchain= option in the make-standalone-toolchain.sh script. For example: --toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.9.

Upgraded GDB to version 7.6 in GCC 4.8/4.9 and x86*. Since GDB is still at version GDB-7.3.x in GCC 4.6 (the default for ARM and MIPS), you must set NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.8 or 4.9 to enable ndk-gdb to select GDB 7.6.
Added the -mssse3 build option to provide SSSE3 support, and made it the default for ABI x86 (upgrading from SSE3). The image released by Google does not contain SSSE3 instructions.
Updated GCC 4.8 to 4.8.3.
Improved ARM libc++ EH support by switching from gabi++ to libc++abi. For details, see the "C++ Support" section of the documentation. Note that:

All tests except for locale now pass for Clang 3.4 and GCC 4.8. For more information, see the "C++ Support" section of the documentation.
The libc++ libraries for X86 and MIPS libc++ still use gabi++.
GCC 4.7 and later can now use <atomic>.
You must add -fno-strict-aliasing if you use <list>, because __list_imp::_end_ breaks TBAA rules. (Issue 61571.)
As of GCC 4.6, LIBCXX_FORCE_REBUILD:=true no longer rebuilds libc++. Rebuilding it requires the use of a different compiler. Note that Clang 3.3 is untested.

mclinker is now version 2.7, and has aarch64 Linux support.
Added precompiled header support for headers specified by LOCAL_PCH. (Issue 25412).

Important bug fixes:

Fixed libc++ so that it now compiles std::feof, etc. (Issue 66668).
Fixed a Clang 3.3/3.4 atomic library call that caused crashes in some of the libc++ tests for ABI armeabi.
Fixed Clang 3.4 crashes that were occurring on reading precompiled headers. (Issue 66657).
Fixed the Clang 3.3/3.4 -O3 assert on:

llvm-3.2/llvm/include/llvm/MDBuilder.h:64: llvm::MDNode*
llvm::MDBuilder::createBranchWeights(llvm::ArrayRef): Assertion Weights.size() >= 2
&& "Need at least two branch weights!"

57381

Fixed the following Clang 3.3/3.4 crash:

Assertion failed: (!Fn && "cast failed but able to resolve overload expression!!"), function CheckCXXCStyleCast, file
Volumes/data/ndk-toolchain/src/llvm-3.3/llvm/tools/clang/lib/Sema/SemaCast.cpp, line 2018

66950

Other bug fixes:

Fixed headers:

Fixed 32-bit ssize_t to be int instead of long int.
Fixed WCHAR_MIN and WCHAR_MAX so that they they take appropriate signs according to the architecture they're running on:

X86/MIPS: signed.
ARM: unsigned.
To force X86/MIPS to default to unsigned, use -D__WCHAR_UNSIGNED__.
To force wchar_t to be 16 bits, use -fshort-wchar.

Removed non-existent symbols from 32-bit libc.so, and added pread64, pwrite64, ftruncate64 for Android API level 12 and higher. (Issue 69319). For more information, see the commit message accompanying AOSP change list 94137.

Fixed GCC warning about redefinition of putchar. Warning message reads:

include/stdio.h:236:5: warning: conflicts with previous declaration here
[-Wattributes] int  putchar(int);

91185

Fixed make-standalone-toolchain.sh --stl=libc++ so that it:

Copies cxxabi.h. (Issue 68001).
Runs in directories other than the NDK install directory. (Issues 67690 and 68647).

Fixed GCC/Windows to quote arguments only when necessary for spawning processes in external programs. This change decreases the likelihood of exceeding the 32K length limit.
Fixed an issue that made it impossible to adjust the APP_PLATFORM environment variable.
Fixed the implementation of IsSystemLibrary() in crazy_linker so that it uses strrchr() instead of strchr() to find the library path's true basename.
Fixed native-audio's inability to build in debug mode.
Fixed gdb's inability to print extreme floating-point numbers. (Issue 69203).
Fixed Clang 3.4 inability to compile with -Wl,-shared (as opposed to -shared, which had no compilation issues). The problem was that Clang added -pie for Android targets if neither -shared nor -static existed. This behavior, which was incorrect, caused the linker to complain that -shared and -pie could not co-exist.

Other changes:

Added arm_neon.h to the x86 toolchain so that it now emulates ~47% of Neon. There is currently no support for 64-bit types. For more information, see the section on ARM Neon intrinsics support in the x86 documentation.
Ported ARM/GOT_PREL optimization (present in GCC 4.6 built from the GCC google branch) to ARM GCC 4.8/4.9. This optimization sometimes reduces instruction count when accessing global variables. As an example, see the build.sh script in $NDK/tests/build/b14811006-GOT_PREL-optimization/.
Added ARM version for STL gabi++, stlport, and libc++. They now have both it and Thumb mode.
It is now possible to call the make-standalone-toolchain.sh script with --toolchain=x86_64-linux-android-4.9, which is equivalent to --toolchain=x86_64-4.9.

Android NDK r9d (March 2014)

Important changes:

Added support for the Clang 3.4 compiler. The NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang option now picks Clang 3.4. GCC 4.6 is still the default compiler.
Added APP_ABI=armeabi-v7a-hard, with additional multilib option -mfloat-abi=hard. These options are for use with ARM GCC 4.6/4.8 and Clang 3.3/3.4 (which use 4.8's assembler, linker, and libs). When using these options, note the following changes:

When executing the ndk-build script, add the following options for armeabi-v7a target:
```
TARGET_CFLAGS += -mhard-float -D_NDK_MATH_NO_SOFTFP=1
TARGET_LDFLAGS += -Wl,--no-warn-mismatch -lm_hard
```
The built library is copied to libs/armeabi-v7a. For make to behave as expected, you cannot specify both armeabi-v7a and armeabi-v7a-hard as make targets (i.e., on the APP_ABI= line). Doing so causes one of them to be ignored. Note that APP_ABI=all is still equivalent to armeabi armeabi-v7a x86 mips.
The make-standalone-toolchain.sh script copies additional libraries under /hard directories. Add the above CFLAGS and LFLAGS to your makefile to enable GCC or Clang to link with libraries in /hard.

Added the yasm assembler, as well as LOCAL_ASMFLAGS and EXPORT_ASMFLAGS flags for x86 targets. The ndk-build script uses prebuilts/*/bin/yasm* to build LOCAL_SRC_FILES that have the .asm extension.
Updated MClinker to 2.6.0, which adds -gc-sections support.
Added experimental libc++ support (upstream r201101). Use this new feature by following these steps:
- Add APP_STL := c++_static or APP_STL := c++_shared in Application.mk. You may rebuild from source via LIBCXX_FORCE_REBUILD := true
- Execute make-standalone-toolchain.sh --stl=libc++ to create a standalone toolchain with libc++ headers/lib.
For more information, see CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html. (Issue 36496)

Important bug fixes:

Fixed an uncaught throw from an unexpected exception handler for GCC 4.6/4.8 ARM EABI. (GCC Issue 59392)
Fixed GCC 4.8 so that it now correctly resolves partial specialization of a template with a dependent, non-type template argument. (GCC Issue 59052)
Added more modules to prebuilt python (Issue 59902):
- Mac OS X: zlib, bz2, _curses, _curses_panel, _hashlib, _ssl
- Linux: zlib, nis, crypt, _curses, and _curses_panel
Fixed the x86 and MIPS gdbserver event_getmsg_helper.
Fixed numerous issues in the RenderScript NDK toolchain, including issues with compatibility across older devices and C++ reflection.

Other bug fixes:

Header fixes:
- Fixed a missing #include <sys/types.h> in android/asset_manager.h for Android API level 13 and higher. (Issue 64988)
- Fixed a missing #include in android/rect_manager.h for Android API level 14 and higher.
- Added JNICALL to JNI_OnLoad and JNI_OnUnload in jni.h. Note that JNICALL is defined as __NDK_FPABI__ For more information, see sys/cdefs.h.
- Updated the following headers so that they can be included without the need to manually include their dependencies (Issue 64679):
- Added sys/cachectl.h for all architectures. MIPS developers can now include this header instead of writing #ifdef __mips__.
- Fixed platforms/android-18/include/android/input.h by adding __NDK_FPABI__ to functions taking or returning float or double values.
- Fixed MIPS struct stat, which was incorrectly set to its 64-bit counterpart for Android API level 12 and later. This wrong setting was a regression introduced in release r9c.
- Defined __PTHREAD_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE, __PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE, and __PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INIT_VALUE for Android API level 9 and lower.
- Added scalbln, scalblnf, and scalblnl to x86 libm.so for APIs 18 and later.
- Fixed a typo in sources/android/support/include/iconv.h. (Issue 63806)
Fixed gabi++ std::unexpected() to call std::terminate() so that a user-defined std::terminate() handler has a chance to run.
Fixed gabi++ to catch std::nullptr.
Fixed samples Teapot and MoreTeapots:
- Solved a problem with Tegra 2 and 3 chips by changing specular variables to use medium precision. Values for specular power can now be less than 1.0.
- Changed the samples so that pressing the volume button restores immersive mode and invalidates SYSTEM_UI_FLAG_IMMERSIVE_STICKY. Screen rotation does not trigger onSystemUiVisibilityChange, and so does not restore immersive mode.
Fixed the ndk-build script to add -rpath-link=$SYSROOT/usr/lib and -rpath-link=$TARGET_OUT in order to use ld.bfd to link executables. (Issue 64266)
Removed -Bsymbolic from all STL builds.
Fixed ndk-gdb-py.cmd by setting SHELL as an environment variable instead of passing it to python.exe, which ignores the setting. (Issue 63054)
Fixed the make-standalone-toolchain.sh script so that the --stl=stlport option copies the gabi++ headers instead of symlinking them; the cmd.exe and MinGW shells do not understand symlinks created by cygwin.

Other changes:

Applied execution permissions to all *cmd scripts previously intended for use only in the cmd.exe shell, in case developers prefer to use ndk-build.cmd in cygwin instead of the recommended ndk-build script.
Improved the speed of the make-standalone-toolchain.sh script by moving instead of copying if the specified destination directory does not exist.

Android NDK r9c (December 2013)

This is a bug-fix-only release.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed a problem with GCC 4.8 ARM, in which the stack pointer is restored too early. This problem prevented the frame pointer from reliably accessing a variable in the stack frame. (GCC Issue 58854)
Fixed a problem with GCC 4.8 libstdc++, in which a bug in std::nth_element was causing generation of code that produced a random segfault. (Issue 62910)
Fixed GCC 4.8 ICE in cc1/cc1plus with -fuse-ld=mcld, so that the following error no longer occurs:
```
cc1: internal compiler error: in common_handle_option, at
opts.c:1774
```
Fixed -mhard-float support for __builtin math functions. For ongoing information on fixes for -mhard-float with STL, please follow Issue 61784.

Other bug fixes:

Header fixes:
- Changed prototype of poll to poll(struct pollfd *, nfds_t, int); in poll.h.
- Added utimensat to libc.so for Android API levels 12 and 19. These libraries are now included for all Android API levels 12 through 19.
- Introduced futimens into libc.so, for Android API level 19.
- Added missing clock_settime() and clock_nanosleep() to time.h for Android API level 8 and higher.
- Added CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW, CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE, CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE, CLOCK_BOOTTIME, CLOCK_REALTIME_ALARM, and CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM in time.h.
- Removed obsolete CLOCK_REALTIME_HR and CLOCK_MONOTONIC_HR.
In samples Teapot, MoreTeapots, and source/android/ndk_helper:
- Changed them so that they now use a hard-float abi for armeabi-v7a.
- Updated them to use immersive mode on Android API level 19 and higher.
- Fixed a problem with Check_ReleaseStringUTFChars in /system/lib/libdvm.so that was causing crashes on x86 devices.
Fixed ndk-build fails that happen in cygwin when the NDK package is referenced via symlink.
Fixed ndk-build.cmd fails that happen in windows cmd.exe when LOCAL_SRC_FILES contains absolute paths. (Issue 69992)
Fixed the ndk-stack script to proceed even when it can't parse a frame due to inability to find a routine, filename, or line number. In any of these cases, it prints ??.
Fixed the ndk-stack stack for windows-x64_64 targets so that it no longer erroneously matches a frame line with a line in the stack: section that doesn't contain pc, eip, or ip. For example:
```
I/DEBUG   ( 1151):     #00  5f09db68  401f01c4
/system/lib/libc.so
```
Fixed gabi++ so that it:
- Does not use malloc() to allocate C++ thread-local objects.
- Avoids deadlocks in gabi++ in cases where libc.debug.malloc is non-zero in userdebug/eng Android platform builds.

Other changes:

Added LOCAL_EXPORT_LDFLAGS.
Introduced the NDK_PROJECT_PATH=null setting for use in an integrated build system where options are explicitly passed to ndk-build. With this setting, ndk-build makes no attempt to look for NDK_PROJECT_PATH. This setting also prevents variables from deriving default settings from NDK_PROJECT_PATH. As a result, the following variables must now be explicitly specified (with their default values if such exist): NDK_OUT, NDK_LIBS_OUT, APP_BUILD_SCRIPT, NDK_DEBUG (optional, default to 0), and other APP_*'s contained in Application.mk.
APP_ABI can now be enumerated in a comma-delimited list. For example:
```
APP_ABI := "armeabi,armeabi-v7a"
```
Provided the ability to rebuild all of STL with debugging info in an optional, separate package called android-ndk-r9c-cxx-stl-libs-with-debugging-info.zip, using the -g option. This option helps the ndk-stack script provide better a stack dump across STL. This change should not affect the code/size of the final, stripped file.
Enhanced hello-jni samples to report APP_ABI at compilation.
Used the ar tool in Deterministic mode (option -D) to build static libraries. (Issue 60705)

Android NDK r9b (October 2013)

Important changes:

Updated include/android/*h and math.h for all Android API levels up to 18, including the addition of levels 13, 15, 16 and 17. For information on added APIs, see commit messages for Changes 68012 and 68014. (Issues 47150, 58528, and 38423)
Added support for Android API level 19, including Renderscript binding.
Added support for -mhard-float in the existing armeabi-v7a ABI. For more information and current restrictions on Clang, see tests/device/hard-float/jni/Android.mk.
Migrated from GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.8 to 4.8.2, and added diagnostic color support. To enable diagnostic colors, set -fdiagnostics-color=auto, -fdiagnostics-color=always, or export GCC_COLORS as shown below:
```
GCC_COLORS='error=01;31:warning=01;35:note=01;36:caret=01;32:locus=01:quote=01'
```
For more information, see GCC Language Independent Options.
Added two new samples to demonstrate OpenGL ES 3.0 features: Teapot and MoreTeapots. These samples run on devices with Android 4.1 (API level 16) and higher.
Deprecated GCC 4.7 and Clang 3.2 support, which will be removed in the next release.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed problem with ARM GCC 4.6 thumb2 failing to generate 16-bit relative jump tables. (GCC Issue)
Fixed GCC 4.8 internal compiler error (ICE) on g++.dg/cpp0x/lambda/lambda-defarg3.C. (Change 62770, GCC Issue)
Fixed a problem with Windows 32-bit *-gdb.exe executables failing to launch. (Issue 58975)
Fixed GCC 4.8 ICE when building bullet library. The error message is as follows:
```
internal compiler error: verify_flow_info failed
```
(Issue 58916, GCC Issue)
Modified GDB/ARM build to skip ARM.exidx data for unwinding in prologue code and added a command (set arm exidx-unwinding) to control exidx-based stack unwinding. (Issue 55826)
Fixed Clang 3.3 MIPS compiler problem where HI and LO registers are incorrectly reused.

Fixed issue with MIPS 4.7 ICE in dbx_reg_number. The error message is as follows:

external/icu4c/i18n/decimfmt.cpp:1322:1:
internal compiler error: in dbx_reg_number, at dwarf2out.c:10185

(GCC Patch)

Other bug fixes:

Header fixes
- Fixed the ARM WCHAR_MIN and WCHAR_MAX to be unsigned according to spec (the X86/MIPS versions are signed). Define _WCHAR_IS_ALWAYS_SIGNED to restore old behavior. (Issue 57749)
- Fixed include/netinet/tcp.h to contain TCP_INFO state enum. (Issue 38881)
- Fixed the cdefs_elh.h macro _C_LABEL_STRING to stop generating warnings in the GCC 4.8 toolchain when using c++11 mode. (Issue 58135, Issue 58652)
- Removed non-existent functions imaxabs and imaxdiv from header inttypes.h.
- Fixed issue with pthread_exit() return values and pthread_self(). (Issue 60686)
- Added missing mkdtemp() function, which already exists in bionic header stdlib.h.
Fixed problem building samples/gles3jni with Clang on Android API level 11.
Fixed MCLinker to allow multiple occurrences of the following options: -gc-sections and --eh-frame-hdr.
Fixed MCLinker to accept the --no-warn-mismatch option.
Modified cpu-features option to not assume all VFPv4 devices support IDIV. Now this option only adds IDIV to white-listed devices, including Nexus 4. (Issue 57637)
Fixed problem with android_native_app_glue.c erroneously logging errors on event predispatch operations.
Fixed all operations on gabi++ terminate and unexpected_handler to be thread-safe.
Fixed several issues with Clang -integrated-as option so it can pass tests for ssax-instructions and fenv.
Fixed GCC 4.6/4.7/4.8 compiler to pass the linker option --eh-frame-hdr even for static executables. For more information, see the GCC patch.
Fixed extra apostrophe in CPU-ARCH-ABIS.html. For more information, see NDK-DEPENDS.html. (Issue 60142)
Fixed extra quotes in ndk-build output on Windows. (Issue 60649)
Fixed Clang 3.3 to compile ARM's built-in, atomic operations such as __atomic_fetch_add, __atomic_fetch_sub, and __atomic_fetch_or.
Fixed Clang 3.3 ICE with customized vfprintf. (Clang issue)

Other changes:

Enabled OpenMP for all GCC builds. To use this feature, add the following flags to your build settings:
```
LOCAL_CFLAGS += -fopenmp
LOCAL_LDFLAGS += -fopenmp
```
For code examples, see tests/device/test-openmp
Reduced the size of ld.mcld significantly (1.5MB vs. ld.bfd 3.5MB and ld.gold 7.5MB), resulting in a speed improvement of approximately 20%.
Added LOCAL_CONLYFLAGS and APP_CONLYFLAGS to specify options applicable to C only but not C++. The existing LOCAL_CFLAGS and APP_CFLAGS are also used for C++ compilation (to save trouble of specifying most options twice), so options such as -std=gnu99 may fail in g++ builds with a warning and clang++ builds with an error.
Added gabi++ array helper functions.
Modified GCC builds so that all libgcc.a files are built with -funwind-tables to allow the stack to be unwound past previously blocked points, such as __aeabi_idiv0.
Added Ingenic MXU support in MIPS GCC4.6/4.7/4.8 with new -mmxu option.
Extended MIPS GCC4.6/4.7/4.8 -mldc1-sdc1 to control ldxc1/sdxc1 too
Added crazy linker. For more information, see sources/android/crazy_linker/README.TXT.
Fixed bitmap-plasma to draw to full screen rather than a 200x200 pixel area.
Reduced linux and darwin toolchain sizes by 25% by creating symlinks to identical files.

Android NDK r9 (July 2013)

Important changes:

Added support for Android 4.3 (API level 18). For more information, see STABLE-APIS.html and new code examples in samples/gles3jni/README.
Added headers and libraries for OpenGL ES 3.0, which is supported by Android 4.3 (API level 18) and higher.
Added GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.8 compiler to the NDK. Since GCC 4.6 is still the default, you must explicitly enable this option:
- For ndk-build builds, export NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.8 or add it in Application.mk.
- For standalone builds, use the --toolchain= option in make-standalone-toolchain.sh, for example:
  --toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.8
Note: The -Wunused-local-typedefs option is enabled by -Wall. Be sure to add __attribute__((unused)) if you use compile-time asserts like sources/cxx-stl/stlport/stlport/stl/config/features.h, line #311. For more information, see Change 55460

Note: In the GCC 4.7 release and later, ARM compilers generate unaligned access code by default for ARMv6 and higher build targets. You may need to add the -mno-unaligned-access build option when building for kernels that do not support this feature.
Added Clang 3.3 support. The NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang build option now picks Clang 3.3 by default.
Note: Both GCC 4.4.3 and Clang 3.1 are deprecated, and will be removed from the next NDK release.
Updated GNU Project Debugger (GDB) to support python 2.7.5.
Added MCLinker to support Windows hosts. Since ld.gold is the default where available, you must add -fuse-ld=mcld in LOCAL_LDFLAGS or APP_LDFLAGS to enable MCLinker.
Added ndk-depends tool which prints ELF library dependencies. For more information, see NDK-DEPENDS.html. (Issue 53486)

Important bug fixes:

Fixed potential event handling issue in android_native_app_glue. (Issue 41755)
Fixed ARM/GCC-4.7 build to generate sufficient alignment for NEON load and store instructions VST and VLD. (GCC Issue 57271)
Fixed a GCC 4.4.3/4.6/4.7 internal compiler error (ICE) for a constant negative index value on a string literal. (Issue 54623)
Fixed GCC 4.7 segmentation fault for constant initialization with an object address. (Issue 56508)
Fixed GCC 4.6 ARM segmentation fault for -O values when using Boost 1.52.0. (Issue 42891)
Fixed libc.so and libc.a to support the wait4() function. (Issue 19854)
Updated the x86 libc.so and libc.a files to include the clone() function.
Fixed LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS bug where the linker.list file is empty or not used.
Fixed GCC MIPS build on Mac OS to use CFI directives, without which ld.mcld --eh-frame-hdr fails frequently.
Fixed Clang 3.2 X86/MIPS internal compiler error in llvm/lib/VMCore/Value.cpp. (Change 59021)
Fixed GCC 4.7 64-bit Windows assembler crash. (Error: out of memory allocating 4294967280 bytes).
Updated ndk-gdb script so that the --start or --launch actions now wait for the GNU Debug Server, so that it can more reliably hit breakpoints set early in the execution path (such as breakpoints in JNI code). (Issue 41278)
Note: This feature requires jdb and produces warning about pending breakpoints. Specify the --nowait option to restore previous behavior.
Fixed GDB crash when library list is empty.
Fixed GDB crash when using a stepi command past a bx pc or blx pc Thumb instruction. (Issue 56962, Issue 36149)
Fixed MIPS gdbserver to look for DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP instead of DT_DEBUG. (Issue 56586)
Fixed a circular dependency in the ndk-build script, for example: If A->B and B->B, then B was dropped from build. (Issue 56690)

Other bug fixes:

Fixed the ndk-build script to enable you to specify a version of Clang as a command line option (e.g., NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang3.2). Previously, only specifying the version as an environment variable worked.
Fixed gabi++ size of _Unwind_Exception to be 24 for MIPS build targets when using the Clang compiler. (Change 54141)
Fixed the ndk-build script to ensure that built libraries are actually removed from projects that include prebuilt static libraries when using the ndk-build clean command. (Change 54461, Change 54480)
Modified the NDK_ANALYZE=1 option to be less verbose.
Fixed gnu-libstdc++/Android.mk to include a backward/ path for builds that use backward compatibility. (Issue 53404)
Fixed a problem where stlport new sometimes returned random values.
Fixed ndk-gdb to match the order of CPU_ABIS, not APP_ABIS. (Issue 54033)
Fixed a problem where the NDK 64-bit build on MacOSX chooses the wrong path for compiler. (Issue 53769)
Fixed build scripts to detect 64-bit Windows Vista. (Issue 54485)
Fixed x86 ntonl/swap32 error: invalid 'asm': operand number out of range. (Issue 54465, Change 57242)
Fixed ld.gold to merge string literals.
Fixed ld.gold to handle large symbol alignment.
Updated ld.gold to enable the --sort-section=name option.
Fixed GCC 4.4.3/4.6/4.7 to suppress the -export-dynamic option for statically linked programs. GCC no longer adds an .interp section for statically linked programs.
Fixed GCC 4.4.3 stlport compilation error about inconsistent typedef of _Unwind_Control_Block. (Issue 54426)
Fixed awk scripts to handle AndroidManifest.xml files created on Windows which may contain trailing \r characters and cause build errors. (Issue 42548)
Fixed make-standalone-toolchain.sh to probe the prebuilts/ directory to detect if the host is 32 bit or 64 bit.
Fixed the Clang 3.2 -integrated-as option.
Fixed the Clang 3.2 ARM EHABI compact model pr1 and pr2 handler data.
Added Clang -mllvm -arm-enable-ehabi option to fix the following Clang error:
```
clang: for the -arm-enable-ehabi option: may only occur zero or one times!
```
Fixed build failure when there is no uses-sdk element in application manifest. (Issue 57015)

Other changes:

Header Fixes
- Modified headers to make __set_errno an inlined function, since __set_errno in errno.h is deprecated, and libc.so no longer exports it.
- Modified elf.h to include stdint.h. (Issue 55443)
- Fixed sys/un.h to be included independently of other headers. (Issue 53646)
- Fixed all of the MotionEvent_getHistorical API family to take the const AInputEvent* motion_event. (Issue 55873)
- Fixed malloc_usable_size to take const void*. (Issue 55725)
- Fixed stdint.h to be more compatible with C99. (Change 46821)
- Modified wchar.h to not redefine WCHAR_MAX and WCHAR_MIN
- Fixed <inttypes.h> declaration for pointer-related PRI and SCN macros. (Issue 57218)
- Changed the sys/cdefs.h header so that __WCHAR_TYPE__ is 32-bit for API levels less than 9, which means that wchat_t is 32-bit for all API levels. To restore the previous behavior, define the _WCHAR_IS_8BIT boolean variable. (Issue 57267)
Added more formatting in NDK docs/ and miscellaneous documentation fixes.
Added support for a thin archive technique when building static libraries. (Issue 40303)
Updated script make-standalone-toolchain.sh to support the stlport library in addition to gnustl, when you specify the option --stl=stlport. For more information, see STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html.
Updated the make-standalone-toolchain.sh script so that the --llvm-version= option creates the $TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX-clang and $TOOLCHAIN_PREFIX-clang++ scripts in addition to clang and clang++, to avoid using the host's clang and clang++ definitions by accident.
Added two flags to re-enable two optimizations in upstream Clang but disabled in NDK for better compatibility with code compiled by GCC:
- Added a -fcxx-missing-return-semantics flag to re-enable missing return semantics in Clang 3.2+. Normally, all paths should terminate with a return statement for a value-returning function. If this is not the case, clang inserts an undefined instruction (or trap in debug mode) at the path without a return statement. If you are sure your code is correct, use this flag to allow the optimizer to take advantage of the undefined behavior. If you are not sure, do not use this flag. The caller may still receive a random incorrect value, but the optimizer will not exploit it and make your code harder to debug.
- Added a -fglobal-ctor-const-promotion flag to re-enable promoting global variables with static constructor to be constants. With this flag, the global variable optimization pass of LLVM tries to evaluate the global variables with static constructors and promote them to global constants. Although this optimization is correct, it may cause some incompatibility with code compiled by GCC. For example, code may do const_cast to cast the constant to mutable and modify it. In GCC, the variable is in read-write and the code is run by accident. In Clang, the const variable is in read-only memory and may cause your application to crash.
Added -mldc1-sdc1 to the MIPS GCC and Clang compilers. By default, compilers align 8-byte objects properly and emit the ldc1 and sdc1 instructions to move them around. If your app uses a custom allocator that does not always align with a new object's 8-byte boundary in the same way as the default allocator, your app may crash due to ldc1 and sdc1 operations on unaligned memory. In this case, use the -mno-ldc1-sdc1 flag to workaround the problem.
Downgraded the event severity from warning to info if APP_PLATFORM_LEVEL is larger than APP_MIN_PLATFORM_LEVEL. The APP_PLATFORM_LEVEL may be lower than APP_PLATFORM in jni/Application.mk because the NDK does not have headers for all levels. In this case, the actual level is shifted downwards. The APP_MIN_PLATFORM_LEVEL is specified by the android:minSdkVersion in your application's manifest. (Issue 39752)
Added the android_getCpuIdArm() and android_setCpuArm() methods to cpu-features.c. This addition enables easier retrieval of the ARM CPUID information. (Issue 53689)
Modified ndk-build to use GCC 4.7's as/ld for Clang compiling.
Note: In GCC 4.7, monotonic_clock and is_monotonic have been renamed to steady_clock and is_steady, respectively.
Added the following new warnings to the ndk-build script:
- Added warnings if LOCAL_LDLIBS/LDFLAGS are used in static library modules.
- Added a warning if a configuration has no module to build.
- Added a warning for non-system libraries being used in LOCAL_LDLIBS/LDFLAGS of a shared library or executable modules.
Updated build scripts, so that if APP_MODULES is not defined and only static libraries are listed in Android.mk, the script force-builds all of them. (Issue 53502)
Updated ndk-build to support absolute paths in LOCAL_SRC_FILES.
Removed the *-gdbtui executables, which are duplicates of the *-gdb executables with the -tui option enabled.
Updated the build scripts to warn you when the Edison Design Group (EDG) compiler front-end turns _STLP_HAS_INCLUDE_NEXT back on. (Issue 53646)
Added the environment variable NDK_LIBS_OUT to allow overriding of the path for libraries/gdbserver from the default $PROJECT/libs. For more information, see OVERVIEW.html.
Changed ndk-build script defaults to compile code with format string protection -Wformat -Werror=format-security. You may set LOCAL_DISABLE_FORMAT_STRING_CHECKS=true to disable it. For more information, see ANDROID-MK.html
Added STL pretty-print support in ndk-gdb-py. For more information, see NDK-GDB.html.
Added tests based on the googletest frameworks.
Added a notification to the toolchain build script that warns you if the current shell is not bash.

Android NDK r8e (March 2013)

Important changes:

Added 64-bit host toolchain set (package name suffix *-x86_64.*). For more information, see CHANGES.HTML and NDK-BUILD.html.
Added Clang 3.2 compiler. GCC 4.6 is still the default. For information on using the Clang compiler, see CHANGES.HTML.
Added static code analyzer for Linux/MacOSX hosts. For information on using the analyzer, see CHANGES.HTML.
Added MCLinker for Linux/MacOSX hosts as an experimental feature. The ld.gold linker is the default where available, so you must explicitly enable it. For more information, see CHANGES.HTML.
Updated ndk-build to use topological sort for module dependencies, which means the build automatically sorts out the order of libraries specified in LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES, LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES and LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES. For more information, see CHANGES.HTML. (Issue 39378)

Important bug fixes:

Fixed build script to build all toolchains in -O2. Toolchains in previous releases were incorrectly built without optimization.
Fixed build script which unconditionally builds Clang/llvm for MacOSX in 64-bit.
Fixed GCC 4.6/4.7 internal compiler error: gen_thumb_movhi_clobber at config/arm/arm.md:5832. (Issue 52732)
Fixed build problem where GCC/ARM 4.6/4.7 fails to link code using 64-bit atomic built-in functions. (Issue 41297)
Fixed GCC 4.7 linker DIV usage mismatch errors. (Sourceware Issue)
Fixed GCC 4.7 internal compiler error build_data_member_initialization, at cp/semantics.c:5790.
Fixed GCC 4.7 internal compiler error redirect_eh_edge_1, at tree-eh.c:2214. (Issue 52909)
Fixed a GCC 4.7 segfault. (GCC Issue)
Fixed <chrono> clock resolution and enabled steady_clock. (Issue 39680)
Fixed toolchain to enable _GLIBCXX_HAS_GTHREADS for GCC 4.7 libstdc++. (Issue 41770, Issue 41859)
Fixed problem with the X86 MXX/SSE code failing to link due to missing posix_memalign. (Change 51872)
Fixed GCC4.7/X86 segmentation fault in i386.c, function distance_non_agu_define_in_bb(). (Change 50383)
Fixed GCC4.7/X86 to restore earlier cmov behavior. (GCC Issue)
Fixed handling NULL return value of setlocale() in libstdc++/GCC4.7. (Issue 46718)
Fixed ld.gold runtime undefined reference to __exidx_start and __exidx_start_end. (Change 52134)
Fixed Clang 3.1 internal compiler error when using Eigen library. (Issue 41246)
Fixed Clang 3.1 internal compiler error including <chrono> in C++11 mode. (Issue 39600)
Fixed Clang 3.1 internal compiler error when generating object code for a method call to a uniform initialized rvalue. (Issue 41387)
Fixed Clang 3.1/X86 stack realignment. (Change 52154)
Fixed problem with GNU Debugger (GDB) SIGILL when debugging on Android 4.1.2. (Issue 40941)
Fixed problem where GDB cannot set source:line breakpoints when symbols contain long, indirect file paths. (Issue 42448)
Fixed GDB read_program_header for MIPS PIE executables. (Change 49592)
Fixed STLport segmentation fault in uncaught_exception(). (Change 50236)
Fixed STLport bus error in exception handling due to unaligned access of DW_EH_PE_udata2, DW_EH_PE_udata4, and DW_EH_PE_udata8.
Fixed Gabi++ infinite recursion problem with nothrow new[] operator. (Issue 52833)
Fixed Gabi++ wrong offset to exception handler pointer. (Change 53446)
Removed Gabi++ redundant free on exception object (Change 53447)

Other bug fixes:

Fixed NDK headers:
- Removed redundant definitions of size_t, ssize_t, and ptrdiff_t.
- Fixed MIPS and ARM fenv.h header.
- Fixed stddef.h to not redefine offsetof since it already exists in the toolchain.
- Fixed elf.h to contain Elf32_auxv_t and Elf64_auxv_t. (Issue 38441)
- Fixed the #ifdef C++ definitions in the OpenSLES_AndroidConfiguration.h header file. (Issue 53163)
Fixed STLport to abort after out of memory error instead of silently exiting.
Fixed system and Gabi++ headers to be able to compile with API level 8 and lower.
Fixed cpufeatures to not parse /proc/self/auxv. (Issue 43055)
Fixed ld.gold to not depend on host libstdc++ and on Windows platforms, to not depend on the libgcc_sjlj_1.dll library.
Fixed Clang 3.1 which emits inconsistent register list in .vsave and fails assembler. (Change 49930)
Fixed Clang 3.1 to be able to compile libgabi++ and pass the test-stlport tests for MIPS build targets. (Change 51961)
Fixed Clang 3.1 to only enable exception by default for C++, not for C.
Fixed several issues in Clang 3.1 to pass most GNU exception tests.
Fixed scripts clang and clang++ in standalone NDK compiler to detect -cc1 and to not specify -target when found.
Fixed ndk-build to observe NDK_APP_OUT set in Application.mk.
Fixed X86 libc.so and lib.a which were missing the sigsetjmp and siglongjmp functions already declared in setjmp.h. (Issue 19851)
Patched GCC 4.4.3/4.6/4.7 libstdc++ to work with Clang in C++ 11. (Clang Issue)
Fixed cygwin path in argument passed to HOST_AWK.
Fixed ndk-build script warning in windows when running from project's JNI directory. (Issue 40192)
Fixed problem where the ndk-build script does not build if makefile has trailing whitespace in the LOCAL_PATH definition. (Issue 42841)

Other changes:

Enabled threading support in GCC/MIPS toolchain.
Updated GCC exception handling helpers __cxa_begin_cleanup and __cxa_type_match to have default visibility from the previous hidden visibility in GNU libstdc++. For more information, see CHANGES.HTML.
Updated build scripts so that Gabi++ and STLport static libraries are now built with hidden visibility except for exception handling helpers.
Updated build so that STLport is built for ARM in Thumb mode.
Added support for std::set_new_handler in Gabi++. (Issue 52805)
Enabled FUTEX system call in GNU libstdc++.
Updated ndk-build so that it no longer copies prebuilt static library to a project's obj/local/<abi>/ directory. (Issue 40302)
Removed __ARM_ARCH_5*__ from ARM toolchains/*/setup.mk script. (Issue 21132)
Built additional GNU libstdc++ libraries in thumb for ARM.
Enabled MIPS floating-point madd/msub/nmadd/nmsub/recip/rsqrt instructions with 32-bit FPU.
Enabled graphite loop optimizer in GCC 4.6 and 4.7 to allow more optimizations: -fgraphite, -fgraphite-identity, -floop-block, -floop-flatten, -floop-interchange, -floop-strip-mine, -floop-parallelize-all, and -ftree-loop-linear. (info)
Enabled polly for Clang 3.1 on Linux and Max OS X 32-bit hosts which analyzes and optimizes memory access. (info)
Enabled -flto in GCC 4.7, 4.6, Clang 3.2 and Clang 3.1 on linux (Clang LTO via LLVMgold.so). MIPS compiler targets are not supported because ld.gold is not available.
Enabled --plugin and --plugin-opt for ld.gold in GCC 4.6/4.7.
Enabled --text-reorder for ld.gold in GCC 4.7.
Configured GNU libstdc++ with _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH which undefines the isinf script in the bionic header. For more information, see CHANGES.html.
Added APP_LDFLAGS to the build scripts. For more information, see ANDROID-MK.html.
Updated build scripts to allow NDK_LOG=0 to disable the NDK_LOG.
Updated build scripts to allow NDK_HOST_32BIT=0 to disable the host developer environment 32-bit toolchain.
Changed the default GCC/X86 flags -march= and -mtune= from pentiumpro and generic to i686 and atom.
Enhanced toolchain build scripts:
- Fixed a race condition in build-gcc.sh for the mingw build type which was preventing a significant amount of parallel build processing.
- Updated build-gabi++.sh and build-stlport.sh so they can now run from the NDK package. (Issue 52835)
- Fixed run-tests.sh in the MSys utilities collection.
- Improved 64-bit host toolchain and Canadian Cross build support.
- Updated build-mingw64-toolchain.sh script to more recent version.
- Added option to build libgnustl_static.a and stlport_static.a without hidden visibility.

Android NDK r8d (December 2012)

Important changes:

Added the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.7 compiler to the NDK. The GCC 4.6 compiler is still the default, so you must to explicitly enable the new version as follows:
- For ndk-build, export the NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.7 variable or add it to Application.mk.
- For standalone builds, add the --toolchain= option to make-standalone-toolchain.sh, for example:
```
--toolchain=arm-linux-androideabi-4.7
```
Note: This feature is experimental. Please try it and report any issues.
Added stlport exception support via gabi++. Note that the new gabi++ depends on dlopen and related code, meaning that:
- You can no longer build a static executable using the -static option or include libstlport_static.a using APP_STL := stlport_static. (You can still use the -static option with a standalone toolchain.) Compiling a dynamic executable using include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE) continues to work because the compiler automatically adds the -ldl option.
- If your project links using -nostdlib and {-Wl,--no-undefined}, you must manually include the -ldl option.
For more information, see CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html.
Note: This feature is experimental and works better with the GCC 4.6/4.7 compilers than with GCC 4.4.3 or Clang 3.1. Please try it and report any issues.
Added a -mstack-protector-guard= option for x86 to choose between a global default path which is compatible with older Android C library (bionic) and a new tls path (%gs:20) for -fstack-protector, -fstack-protector-all and -fstack-protector-strong using the GCC 4.6 and higher compilers.
Note: The -mstack-protector-guard setting itself does not enable any -fstack-protector* options.
Added android_setCpu() function to sources/android/cpufeatures/cpu-features.c for use when auto-detection via /proc is not possible in Android 4.1 and higher. (Chromium Issue 164154)

Important bug fixes:

Fixed unnecessary rebuild of object files when using the ndk-build script. (Issue 39810)
Fixed a linker failure with the NDK 8c release for Mac OS X 10.6.x that produced the following error:
```
dyld: lazy symbol binding failed: Symbol not found: _memmem
Referenced from: ...../arm-linux-androideabi/bin/ld
Expected in: /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib
```
This problem was caused by building on Mac OS X 10.7, which produced binaries that were not compatible with Mac OS 10.6.x and the NDK.
Removed the -x c++ options from the Clang++ standalone build script. (Issue 39089)
Fixed issues using the NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang3.1 option in Cygwin. (Issue 39585)
Fixed the make-standalone-toolchain.sh script to allow generation of a standalone toolchain using the Cygwin or MinGW environments. The resulting toolchain can be used in Cygwin, MingGW or CMD.exe environments. (Issue 39915, Issue 39585)
Added missing SL_IID_ANDROIDBUFFERQUEUESOURCE option in android-14 builds for ARM and X86. (Issue 40625)
Fixed x86 CPU detection for the ANDROID_CPU_X86_FEATURE_MOVBE feature. (Issue 39317)
Fixed an issue preventing the Standard Template Library (STL) from using C++ sources that do not have a .cpp file extension.
Fixed GCC 4.6 ARM internal compiler error at reload1.c:1061. (Issue 20862)
Fixed GCC 4.4.3 ARM internal compiler error at emit-rtl.c:1954. (Issue 22336)
Fixed GCC 4.4.3 ARM internal compiler error at postreload.c:396. (Issue 22345)
Fixed problem with GCC 4.6/4.7 skipping lambda functions. (Issue 35933)

Other bug fixes:

NDK header file fixes:
- Fixed __WINT_TYPE__ and wint_t to be the same type.
- Corrected typo in android/bitmap.h. (Issue 15134)
- Corrected typo in errno.h.
- Added check for the presence of __STDC_VERSION__ in sys/cdefs.h. (Issue 14627)
- Reorganized headers in byteswap.h and dirent.h.
- Fixed limits.h to include page.h which provides PAGE_SIZE settings. (Issue 39983)
- Fixed return type of glGetAttribLocation() and glGetUniformLocation() from int to GLint.
- Fixed __BYTE_ORDER constant for x86 builds. (Issue 39824)
Fixed ndk-build script to not overwrite -Os with -O2 for ARM builds.
Fixed build scripts to allow overwriting of HOST_AWK, HOST_SED, and HOST_MAKE settings.
Fixed issue for ld.gold on fsck_msdos builds linking objects built by the Intel C/C++ compiler (ICC).
Fixed ARM EHABI support in Clang to conform to specifications.
Fixed GNU Debugger (GDB) to shorten the time spent on walking the target's link map during solib events. (Issue 38402)
Fixed missing libgcc.a file when linking shared libraries.

Other changes:

Backported 64-bit built-in atomic functions for ARM to GCC 4.6.
Added documentation for audio output latency, along with other documentation and fixes.
Fixed debug builds with Clang so that non-void functions now raise a SIGILL signal for paths without a return statement.
Updated make-standalone-toolchain.sh to accept the suffix -clang3.1 which is equivalent to adding --llvm-version=3.1 to the GCC 4.6 toolchain.
Updated GCC and Clang bug report URL to: https://source.android.com/source/report-bug s.html
Added ARM ELF support to llvm-objdump.
Suppressed treating c input as c++ warning for Clang builds.
Updated build so that only the 32-bit version of libiberty.a is built and placed in lib32/.

Android NDK r8c (November 2012)

Important changes:

Added the Clang 3.1 compiler to the NDK. The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.6 is still the default, so you must explicitly enable the Clang compiler option as follows:
- For ndk-build, export NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=clang3.1 or add this environment variable setting to Application.mk.
- For standalone builds, add --llvm-version=3.1 to make-standalone-toolchain.sh and replace CC and CXX in your makefile with <tool-path>/bin/clang and <tool-path>/bin/clang++. See STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html for details.
Note: This feature is experimental. Please try it and report any issues.
Added Gold linker ld.gold for the Windows toolchain. Gold linker is also the default for ARM and X86 on all hosts. You may override it to use the ld.bfd linker by adding LOCAL_LDFLAGS += -fuse-ld=bfd to Android.mk, or by passing -fuse-ld=bfd to the g++/clang++ command line that does the linking.
Added checks for spaces in the NDK path to the ndk-build[.cmd] and ndk-gdb scripts, to prevent build errors that are difficult to diagnose.
Made the following changes to API level handling:
- Modified build logic so that projects that specify android-10 through android-13 in APP_PLATFORM, project.properties or default.properties link against android-9 instead of android-14.
- Updated build so that executables using android-16 (Jelly Bean) or higher are compiled with the -fPIE option for position-independent executables (PIE). A new APP_PIE option allows you to control this behavior. See APPLICATION-MK.html for details.
  Note: All API levels above 14 still link against platforms/android-14 and no new platforms/android-N have been added.
- Modified ndk-build to provide warnings if the adjusted API level is larger than android:minSdkVersion in the project's AndroidManifest.xml.
Updated the cpu-features helper library to include more ARM-specific features. See sources/android/cpufeatures/cpu-features.h for details.
Modified the long double on the X86 platform to be 8 bytes. This data type is now the same size as a double, but is still treated as a distinct type.
Updated build for APP_ABI=armeabi-v7a:
- Modified this build type to pass the -march=armv7-a parameter to the linker. This change ensures that v7-specific libraries and crt*.o are linked correctly.
- Added -mfpu=vfpv3-d16 to ndk-build instead of the -mfpu=vfp option used in previous releases.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed an issue where running make-standalone-toolchain.sh with root privileges resulted in the stand alone tool chain being inaccessible to some users. (Issue 35279)
- All files and executables in the NDK release package are set to have read and execute permissions for all.
- The ownership/group of libstdc++.a is now preserved when copied.
Removed redundant \r from Windows prebuilt echo.exe. The redundant \r caused gdb.setup to fail in the GNU Debugger (GDB) because it incorrectly became part of the path. (Issue 36054)
Fixed Windows parallel builds that sometimes failed due to timing issues in the host-mkdir implementation. (Issue 25875)
Fixed GCC 4.4.3 GNU libstdc++ to not merge typeinfo names by default. For more details, see toolchain repo gcc/gcc-4.4.3/libstdc++-v3/libsupc++/typeinfo. (Issue 22165)
Fixed problem on null context in GCC 4.6 cp/mangle.c::write_unscoped_name, where GCC may crash when the context is null and dereferenced in TREE_CODE.
Fixed GCC 4.4.3 crashes on ARM NEON-specific type definitions for floats. (Issue 34613)
Fixed the STLport internal _IteWrapper::operator*() implementation where a stale stack location holding the dereferenced value was returned and caused runtime crashes. (Issue 38630)
ARM-specific fixes:
- Fixed ARM GCC 4.4.3/4.6 g++ to not warn that the mangling of <va_list> was changed in GCC 4.4. The workaround using the -Wno-psabi switch to avoid this warning is no longer required.
- Fixed an issue when a project with .arm or .neon suffixes in LOCAL_SRC_FILES also used APP_STL. With APP_STL, the ndk-build script searches for C++ files in LOCAL_SRC_FILES before adding STL header/lib paths to compilation. Modified ndk-build to filter out .arm and .neon suffixes before the search, otherwise items in LOCAL_SRC_FILES like myfile.cpp.arm.neon won't be compiled as C++ code.
- Fixed binutils-2.21/ld.bfd to be capable of linking object from older binutils without tag_FP_arch, which was producing assertion fail error messages in GNU Binutils. (Issue 35209)
- Removed Unknown EABI object attribute 44 warning when binutils-2.19/ld links prebuilt object by newer binutils-2.21
- Fixed an issue in GNU stdc++ compilation with both -mthumb and -march=armv7-a, by modifying make-standalone-toolchain.sh to populate headers/libs in sub-directory armv7-a/thumb. (Issue 35616)
- Fixed unresolvable R_ARM_THM_CALL relocation error. (Issue 35342)
- Fixed internal compiler error at reload1.c:3633, caused by the ARM back-end expecting the wrong operand type when sign-extend from char. (GCC Issue 50099)
- Fixed internal compiler error with negative shift amount. (GCC Issue)
Fixed -fstack-protector for X86, which is also the default for the ndk-build x86 ABI target.
MIPS-specific fixes:
- Fixed STLport endian-ness by setting _STLP_LITTLE_ENDIAN to 1 when compiling MIPS libstlport_*.
- Fixed GCC __builtin_unreachable issue when compiling LLVM. (GCC Issue 54369)
- Backported fix for cc1 compile process consuming 100% CPU. (GCC Issue 50380)
GNU Debugger-specific fixes:
- Disabled Python support in gdb-7.x at build, otherwise the gdb-7.x configure function may pick up whatever Python version is available on the host and build gdb with a hard-wired dependency on a specific version of Python. (Issue 36120)
- Fixed ndk-gdb when APP_ABI contains all and matches none of the known architectures. (Issue 35392)
- Fixed Windows pathname support, by keeping the : character if it looks like it could be part of a Windows path starting with a drive letter. (GDB Issue 12843)
- Fixed adding of hardware breakpoint support for ARM in gdbserver. (GDB Issue)
- Added fix to only read the current solibs when the linker is consistent. This change speeds up solib event handling. (Issue 37677)
- Added fix to make repeated attempts to find solib breakpoints. GDB now retries enable_break() during every call to svr4_current_sos() until it succeeds. (Change 43563)
- Fixed an issue where gdb would not stop on breakpoints placed in dlopen-ed libraries. (Issue 34856)
- Fixed SIGILL in dynamic linker when calling dlopen(), on system where /system/bin/linker is stripped of symbols and rtld_db_dlactivity() is implemented as Thumb, due to not preserving LSB of sym_addr. (Issue 37147)

Other bug fixes:

Fixed NDK headers:
- Fixed arch-mips/include/asm/* code that was incorrectly removed from original kernel. (Change 43335)
- Replaced struct member data __unused with __linux_unused in linux/sysctl.h and linux/icmp.h to avoid conflict with #define __unused in sys/cdefs.h.
- Fixed fenv.h for enclosed C functions with __BEGIN_DECLS and __END_DECLS.
- Removed unimplemented functions in malloc.h.
- Fixed stdint.h definition of uint64_t for ANSI compilers. (Issue 1952)
- Fixed preprocessor macros in <arch>/include/machine/*.
- Replaced link.h for MIPS with new version supporting all platforms.
- Removed linux-unistd.h
- Move GLibc-specific macros LONG_LONG_MIN, LONG_LONG_MAX and ULONG_LONG_MAX from <pthread.h> to <limits.h>.
Fixed a buffer overflow in ndk-stack-parser.
Fixed _STLP_USE_EXCEPTIONS, when not defined, to omit all declarations and uses of __Named_exception. Compiling and use of __Named_exception settings only occurs when STLport is allowed to use exceptions.
Fixed building of Linux-only NDK packages without also building Windows code. Use the following settings to perform this type of build:
```
./build/tools/make-release.sh --force --systems=linux-x86
```
Fixed libc.so so it does not export atexit() and __do_handler. These symbols are exported for ARM builds by the system version of the C library to support legacy native libraries. NDK-generated should never reference them directly. Instead, each shared library or executable should embed its own version of these symbols, provided by crtbegin_*.o.
If your project is linked with the -nostdlib -Wl,--no-undefined options, you must provide your own __dso_handle because crtbegin_so.o is not linked in this case. The content of __dso_handle does not matter, as shown in the following example code:
```
extern "C" {
  extern void *__dso_handle __attribute__((__visibility__ ("hidden")));
  void *__dso_handle;
}
```
Fixed symbol decoder for ARM used in objdump for plt entries to generate a more readable form function@plt.
Removed the following symbols, introduced in GCC 4.6 libgcc.a, from the X86 platform libc.so library: __aeabi_idiv0, __aeabi_ldiv0, __aeabi_unwind_cpp_pr1, and __aeabi_unwind_cpp_pr2.
Removed unused .ctors, .dtors, and .eh_frame in MIPS crt*_so.S.
Updated ndk-gdb so that it only takes the last line of output for ndk-build DUMP_XXXX. This change ensures that if Application.mk or Android.mk print something with $(info ...) syntax, it does not get injected into the result of DUMP_XXXX. (More info)

Other changes:

Removed arch-x86 and arch-mips headers from platforms/android-[3,4,5,8]. Those headers were incomplete, since both X86 and MIPS ABIs are only supported at API 9 or higher.
Simplified c++ include path in standalone packages, as shown below. (Issue 35279)
```
<path>/arm-linux-androideabi/include/c++/4.6.x-google
  to:
<path>/include/c++/4.6/
```
Fixed ndk-build to recognize more C++ file extensions by default: .cc .cp .cxx .cpp .CPP .c++ .C. You may still use LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION to overwrite these extension settings.
Fixed an issue in samples/san-angeles that caused a black screen or freeze frame on re-launch.
Replaced deprecated APIs in NDK samples. (Issue 20017)
- hello-gl2 from android-5 to android-7
- native-activity from android-9 to android-10
- native-audio from android-9 to android-10
- native-plasma from android-9 to android-10
Added new branding for Android executables with a simpler scheme in section .note.android.ident (defined in crtbegin_static/dynamic.o) so that debugging tools can act accordingly. The structure member and values are defined as follows:
```
static const struct {
  int32_t namesz;  /* = 8,  sizeof ("Android") */
  int32_t descsz;  /* = 1 * sizeof(int32_t) */
  int32_t type;    /* = 1, ABI_NOTETYPE */
  char name[sizeof "Android"];  /* = "Android" */
  int32_t android_api; /* = 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14 */
}
```
The previous branding options in section .note.ABI-tag are deprecated.
Added a new script run-tests-all.sh which calls run-tests.sh and standalone/run.sh with various conditions. The script run-tests.sh runs without the --abi option, and is enhanced to compile most of the tests for all supported ABIs and run on all attached devices

Android NDK r8b (July 2012)

The main features of this release are a new GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 4.6 toolchain and GNU Debugger (GDB) 7.3.x which adds debugging support for the Android 4.1 (API Level 16) system image.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS issues on Mac OS, Windows Cygwin environments for static libraries. List file generation is faster, and it is not regenerated to avoid repeated project rebuilds.
Fixed several issues in ndk-gdb:
- Updated tool to pass flags -e, -d and -s to adb more consistently.
- Updated tool to accept device serial names containing spaces.
- Updated tool to retrieve /system/bin/link information, so gdb on the host can set a breakpoint in __dl_rtld_db_dlactivity and be aware of linker activity (e.g., rescan solib symbols when dlopen() is called).
Fixed ndk-build clean on Windows, which was failing to remove ./libs/*/lib*.so.
Fixed ndk-build.cmd to return a non-zero ERRORLEVEL when make fails.
Fixed libc.so to stop incorrectly exporting the __exidx_start and __exidx_end symbols.
Fixed SEGV when unwinding the stack past __libc_init for ARM and MIPS.

Important changes:

Added GCC 4.6 toolchain (binutils 2.21 with gold and GDB 7.3.x) to co-exist with the original GCC 4.4.3 toolchain (binutils 2.19 and GDB 6.6).
- GCC 4.6 is now the default toolchain. You may set NDK_TOOLCHAIN_VERSION=4.4.3 in Application.mk to select the original one.
- Support for the gold linker is only available for ARM and x86 architectures on Linux and Mac OS hosts. This support is disabled by default. Add LOCAL_LDLIBS += -fuse-ld=gold in Android.mk to enable it.
- Programs compiled with -fPIE require the new GDB for debugging, including binaries in Android 4.1 (API Level 16) system images.
- The binutils 2.21 ld tool contains back-ported fixes from version 2.22:
  - Fixed ld --gc-sections, which incorrectly retains zombie references to external libraries. (more info).
  - Fixed ARM strip command to preserve the original p_align and p_flags in GNU_RELRO section if they are valid. Without this fix, programs built with -fPIE could not be debugged. (mor e info)
- Disabled sincos() optimization for compatibility with older platforms.
Updated build options to enable the Never eXecute (NX) bit and relro/bind_now protections by default:
- Added --noexecstack to assembler and -z noexecstack to linker that provides NX protection against buffer overflow attacks by enabling NX bit on stack and heap.
- Added -z relro and -z now to linker for hardening of internal data sections after linking to guard against security vulnerabilities caused by memory corruption. (more info: 1, 2)
- These features can be disabled using the following options:
  1. Disable NX protection by setting the --execstack option for the assembler and -z execstack for the linker.
  2. Disable hardening of internal data by setting the -z norelro and -z lazy options for the linker.
  3. Disable these protections in the NDK jni/Android.mk by setting the following options:
```
LOCAL_DISABLE_NO_EXECUTE=true  # disable "--noexecstack" and "-z noexecstack"
DISABLE_RELRO=true             # disable "-z relro" and "-z now"
```
  See docs/ANDROID-MK.html for more details.

Added branding for Android executables with the .note.ABI-tag section (in crtbegin_static/dynamic.o) so that debugging tools can act accordingly. The structure member and values are defined as follows:

static const struct {
  int32_t namesz;  /* = 4,  sizeof ("GNU") */
  int32_t descsz;  /* = 6 * sizeof(int32_t) */
  int32_t type;    /* = 1 */
  char  name[sizeof "GNU"];  /* = "GNU" */
  int32_t os;      /* = 0 */
  int32_t major;   /* = 2 */
  int32_t minor;   /* = 6 */
  int32_t teeny;   /* = 15 */
  int32_t os_variant;  /* = 1 */
  int32_t android_api; /* = 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14 */
}

Other bug fixes:

Fixed mips-linux-gnu relocation truncated to fit R_MIPS_TLS_LDM issue. (more info)
Fixed ld tool segfaults when using --gc-sections. (more info)
Fixed MIPS GOT_PAGE counting issue. (more info)
Fixed follow warning symbol link for mips_elf_count_got_symbols.
Fixed follow warning symbol link for mips_elf_allocate_lazy_stub.
Moved MIPS .dynamic to the data segment, so that it is writable.
Replaced hard-coded values for symbols with correct segment sizes for MIPS.
Removed the -mno-shared option from the defaults in the MIPS toolchain. The default for Android toolchain is -fPIC (or -fpic if supported). If you do not explicitly specify -mshared, -fpic, -fPIC, -fpie, or -fPIE, the MIPS compiler adds -mno-shared that turns off PIC. Fixed compiler not to add -mno-shared in this case.
Fixed wrong package names in samples hello-jni and two-libs so that the tests project underneath it can compile.

Other Changes:

Changed locations of binaries:
- Moved gdbserver from toolchain/<arch-os-ver>/prebuilt/gdbserver to prebuilt/android-<arch>/gdbserver/gdbserver.
- Renamed x86 toolchain prefix from i686-android-linux- to i686-linux-android-.
- Moved sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc++/include and lib to sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc++/4.6 when compiled with GCC 4.6, or sources/cxx-stl/gnu-libstdc++/4.4.3 when compiled with GCC 4.4.3.
- Moved libbfd.a and libintl.a from lib/ to lib32/.
Added and improved various scripts in the rebuild and test NDK toolchain:
- Added build-mingw64-toolchain.sh to generate a new Linux-hosted toolchain that generates Win32 and Win64 executables.
- Improved speed of download-toolchain-sources.sh by using the clone command and only using checkout for the directories that are needed to build the NDK toolchain binaries.
- Added build-host-gcc.sh and build-host-gdb.sh scripts.
- Added tests/check-release.sh to check the content of a given NDK installation directory, or an existing NDK package.
- Rewrote the tests/standalone/run.sh standalone tests .
Removed if_dl.h header from all platforms and architectures. The AF_LINK and sockaddr_dl elements it describes are specific to BSD (i.e., they don't exist in Linux).

Android NDK r8 (May 2012)

This release of the NDK includes support for MIPS ABI and a few additional fixes.

New features:

Added support for the MIPS ABI, which allows you to generate machine code that runs on compatible MIPS-based Android devices. Major features for MIPS include MIPS-specific toolchains, system headers, libraries and debugging support. For more details regarding MIPS support, see docs/CPU-MIPS.html in the NDK package.
By default, code is generated for ARM-based devices. You can add mips to your APP_ABI definition in your Application.mk file to build for MIPS platforms. For example, the following line instructs ndk-build to build your code for three distinct ABIs:
```
APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a mips
```
Unless you rely on architecture-specific assembly sources, such as ARM assembly code, you should not need to touch your Android.mk files to build MIPS machine code.
You can build a standalone MIPS toolchain using the --arch=mips option when calling make-standalone-toolchain.sh. See docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html for more details.

Note: To ensure that your applications are available to users only if their devices are capable of running them, Google Play filters applications based on the instruction set information included in your application ? no action is needed on your part to enable the filtering. Additionally, the Android system itself also checks your application at install time and allows the installation to continue only if the application provides a library that is compiled for the device's CPU architecture.

Important bug fixes:

Fixed a typo in GAbi++ implementation where the result of dynamic_cast<D>(b) of base class object b to derived class D is incorrectly adjusted in the opposite direction from the base class. (Issue 28721)
Fixed an issue in which make-standalone-toolchain.sh fails to copy libsupc++.*.

Other bug fixes:

Fixed ndk-build.cmd to ensure that ndk-build.cmd works correctly even if the user has redefined the SHELL environment variable, which may be changed when installing a variety of development tools in Windows environments.

Android NDK r7c (April 2012)

This release of the NDK includes an important fix for Tegra2-based devices, and a few additional fixes and improvements:

Important bug fixes:

Fixed GNU STL armeabi-v7a binaries to not crash on non-NEON devices. The files provided with NDK r7b were not configured properly, resulting in crashes on Tegra2-based devices and others when trying to use certain floating-point functions (e.g., cosf, sinf, expf).

Important changes:

Added support for custom output directories through the NDK_OUT environment variable. When defined, this variable is used to store all intermediate generated files, instead of $PROJECT_PATH/obj. The variable is also recognized by ndk-gdb.
Added support for building modules with hundreds or even thousands of source files by defining LOCAL_SHORT_COMMANDS to true in your Android.mk.
This change forces the NDK build system to put most linker or archiver options into list files, as a work-around for command-line length limitations. See docs/ANDROID-MK.html for details.

Other bug fixes:

Fixed android_getCpuCount() implementation in the cpufeatures helper library. On certain devices, where cores are enabled dynamically by the system, the previous implementation would report the total number of active cores the first time the function was called, rather than the total number of physically available cores.

Android NDK r7b (February 2012)

This release of the NDK includes fixes for native Windows builds, Cygwin and many other improvements:

Important bug fixes:

Updated sys/atomics.h to avoid correctness issues on some multi-core ARM-based devices. Rebuild your unmodified sources with this version of the NDK and this problem should be completely eliminated. For more details, read docs/ANDROID-ATOMICS.html.
Reverted to binutils 2.19 to fix debugging issues that appeared in NDK r7 (which switched to binutils 2.20.1).
Fixed ndk-build on 32-bit Linux. A packaging error put a 64-bit version of the awk executable under prebuilt/linux-x86/bin in NDK r7.
Fixed native Windows build (ndk-build.cmd). Other build modes were not affected. The fixes include:
- Removed an infinite loop / stack overflow bug that happened when trying to call ndk-build.cmd from a directory that was not the top of your project path (e.g., in any sub-directory of it).
- Fixed a problem where the auto-generated dependency files were ignored. This meant that updating a header didn't trigger recompilation of sources that included it.
- Fixed a problem where special characters in files or paths, other than spaces and quotes, were not correctly handled.
Fixed the standalone toolchain to generate proper binaries when using -lstdc++ (i.e., linking against the GNU libstdc++ C++ runtime). You should use -lgnustl_shared if you want to link against the shared library version or -lstdc++ for the static version.
See docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html for more details about this fix.
Fixed gnustl_shared on Cygwin. The linker complained that it couldn't find libsupc++.a even though the file was at the right location.
Fixed Cygwin C++ link when not using any specific C++ runtime through APP_STL.

Other changes:

When your application uses the GNU libstdc++ runtime, the compiler will no longer forcibly enable exceptions and RTTI. This change results in smaller code.
If you need these features, you must do one of the following:
- Enable exceptions and/or RTTI explicitly in your modules or Application.mk. (recommended)
- Define APP_GNUSTL_FORCE_CPP_FEATURES to 'exceptions', 'rtti' or both in your Application.mk. See docs/APPLICATION-MK.html for more details.
ndk-gdb now works properly when your application has private services running in independent processes. It debugs the main application process, instead of the first process listed by ps, which is usually a service process.
Fixed a rare bug where NDK r7 would fail to honor the LOCAL_ARM_MODE value and always compile certain source files (but not all) to 32-bit instructions.
STLport: Refresh the sources to match the Android platform version. This update fixes a few minor bugs:
- Fixed instantiation of an incomplete type
- Fixed minor "==" versus "=" typo
- Used memmove instead of memcpy in string::assign
- Added better handling of IsNANorINF, IsINF, IsNegNAN, etc.
For complete details, see the commit log.
STLport: Removed 5 unnecessary static initializers from the library.
The GNU libstdc++ libraries for armeabi-v7a were mistakenly compiled for armeabi instead. This change had no impact on correctness, but using the right ABI should provide slightly better performance.
The cpu-features helper library was updated to report three optional x86 CPU features (SSSE3, MOVBE and POPCNT). See docs/CPU-FEATURES.html for more details.
docs/NDK-BUILD.html was updated to mention NDK_APPLICATION_MK instead of NDK_APP_APPLICATION_MK to select a custom Application.mk file.
Cygwin: ndk-build no longer creates an empty "NUL" file in the current directory when invoked.
Cygwin: Added better automatic dependency detection. In the previous version, it didn't work properly in the following cases:
- When the Cygwin drive prefix was not /cygdrive.
- When using drive-less mounts, for example, when Cygwin would translate /home to \\server\subdir instead of C:\Some\Dir.
Cygwin: ndk-build does not try to use the native Windows tools under $NDK/prebuilt/windows/bin with certain versions of Cygwin and/or GNU Make.

Android NDK r7 (November 2011)

This release of the NDK includes new features to support the Android 4.0 platform as well as many other additions and improvements:

New features

Added official NDK APIs for Android 4.0 (API level 14), which adds the following native features to the platform:
- Added native multimedia API based on the Khronos Group OpenMAX AL 1.0.1 standard. The new <OMXAL/OpenMAXAL.h> and <OMXAL/OpenMAXAL_Android.h> headers allow applications targeting API level 14 to perform multimedia output directly from native code by using a new Android-specific buffer queue interface. For more details, see docs/openmaxal/index.html and http://www.khronos.org/openmax/.
- Updated the native audio API based on the Khronos Group OpenSL ES 1.0.1 standard. With API Level 14, you can now decode compressed audio (e.g. MP3, AAC, Vorbis) to PCM. For more details, see docs/opensles/index.html and http://www.khronos.org/opensles/.
Added CCache support. To speed up large rebuilds, define the NDK_CCACHE environment variable to ccache (or the path to your ccache binary). When declared, the NDK build system automatically uses CCache when compiling any source file. For example:
```
export NDK_CCACHE=ccache
```
Note: CCache is not included in the NDK release so you must have it installed prior to using it. For more information about CCache, see http://ccache.samba.org.
Added support for setting APP_ABI to all to indicate that you want to build your NDK modules for all the ABIs supported by your given NDK release. This means that either one of the following two lines in your Application.mk are equivalent with this release:
```
APP_ABI := all
APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a x86
```
This also works if you define APP_ABI when calling ndk-build from the command-line, which is a quick way to check that your project builds for all supported ABIs without changing the project's Application.mk file. For example:
```
ndk-build APP_ABI=all
```
Added a LOCAL_CPP_FEATURES variable in Android.mk that allows you to declare which C++ features (RTTI or Exceptions) your module uses. This ensures that the final linking works correctly if you have prebuilt modules that depend on these features. See docs/ANDROID-MK.html and docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html for more details.
Shortened paths to source and object files that are used in build commands. When invoking $NDK/ndk-build from your project path, the paths to the source, object, and binary files that are passed to the build commands are significantly shorter now, because they are passed relative to the current directory. This is useful when building projects with a lot of source files, to avoid limits on the maximum command line length supported by your host operating system. The behavior is unchanged if you invoke ndk-build from a sub-directory of your project tree, or if you define NDK_PROJECT_PATH to point to a specific directory.

Experimental features

You can now build your NDK source files on Windows without Cygwin by calling the ndk-build.cmd script from the command line from your project path. The script takes exactly the same arguments as the original ndk-build script. The Windows NDK package comes with its own prebuilt binaries for GNU Make, Awk and other tools required by the build. You should not need to install anything else to get a working build system.

Important: ndk-gdb does not work on Windows, so you still need Cygwin to debug.

This feature is still experimental, so feel free to try it and report issues on the public bug database or public forum. All samples and unit tests shipped with the NDK successfully compile with this feature.

Important bug fixes

Imported shared libraries are now installed by default to the target installation location (libs/<abi>) if APP_MODULES is not defined in your Application.mk. For example, if a top-level module foo imports a module bar, then both libfoo.so and libbar.so are copied to the install location. Previously, only libfoo.so was copied, unless you listed bar in your APP_MODULES too. If you define APP_MODULES explicitly, the behavior is unchanged.
ndk-gdb now works correctly for activities with multiple categories in their MAIN intent filters.
Static library imports are now properly transitive. For example, if a top-level module foo imports static library bar that imports static library zoo, the libfoo.so will now be linked against both libbar.a and libzoo.a.

Other changes

docs/NATIVE-ACTIVITY.HTML: Fixed typo. The minimum API level should be 9, not 8 for native activities.
docs/STABLE-APIS.html: Added missing documentation listing EGL as a supported stable API, starting from API level 9.
download-toolchain-sources.sh: Updated to download the toolchain sources from android.googlesource.com, which is the new location for the AOSP servers.
Added a new C++ support runtime named gabi++. More details about it are available in the updated docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html.
Added a new C++ support runtime named gnustl_shared that corresponds to the shared library version of GNU libstdc++ v3 (GPLv3 license). See more info at docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.html
Added support for RTTI in the STLport C++ runtimes (no support for exceptions).
Added support for multiple file extensions in LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION. For example, to compile both foo.cpp and bar.cxx as C++ sources, declare the following:
```
LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION := .cpp .cxx
```
Removed many unwanted exported symbols from the link-time shared system libraries provided by the NDK. This ensures that code generated with the standalone toolchain doesn't risk to accidentally depend on a non-stable ABI symbol (e.g. any libgcc.a symbol that changes each time the toolchain used to build the platform is changed)
Refreshed the EGL and OpenGLES Khronos headers to support more extensions. Note that this does not change the NDK ABIs for the corresponding libraries, because each extension must be probed at runtime by the client application.
The extensions that are available depend on your actual device and GPU drivers, not the platform version the device runs on. The header changes simply add new constants and types to make it easier to use the extensions when they have been probed with eglGetProcAddress() or glGetProcAddress(). The following list describes the newly supported extensions:
GLES 1.x
- GL_OES_vertex_array_object
- GL_OES_EGL_image_external
- GL_APPLE_texture_2D_limited_npot
- GL_EXT_blend_minmax
- GL_EXT_discard_framebuffer
- GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays
- GL_EXT_read_format_bgra
- GL_EXT_texture_filter_anisotropic
- GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888
- GL_EXT_texture_lod_bias
- GL_IMG_read_format
- GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc
- GL_IMG_texture_env_enhanced_fixed_function
- GL_IMG_user_clip_plane
- GL_IMG_multisampled_render_to_texture
- GL_NV_fence
- GL_QCOM_driver_control
- GL_QCOM_extended_get
- GL_QCOM_extended_get2
- GL_QCOM_perfmon_global_mode
- GL_QCOM_writeonly_rendering
- GL_QCOM_tiled_rendering
GLES 2.0
- GL_OES_element_index_uint
- GL_OES_get_program_binary
- GL_OES_mapbuffer
- GL_OES_packed_depth_stencil
- GL_OES_texture_3D
- GL_OES_texture_float
- GL_OES_texture_float_linear
- GL_OES_texture_half_float_linear
- GL_OES_texture_npot
- GL_OES_vertex_array_object
- GL_OES_EGL_image_external
- GL_AMD_program_binary_Z400
- GL_EXT_blend_minmax
- GL_EXT_discard_framebuffer
- GL_EXT_multi_draw_arrays
- GL_EXT_read_format_bgra
- GL_EXT_texture_format_BGRA8888
- GL_EXT_texture_compression_dxt1
- GL_IMG_program_binary
- GL_IMG_read_format
- GL_IMG_shader_binary
- GL_IMG_texture_compression_pvrtc
- GL_IMG_multisampled_render_to_texture
- GL_NV_coverage_sample
- GL_NV_depth_nonlinear
- GL_QCOM_extended_get
- GL_QCOM_extended_get2
- GL_QCOM_writeonly_rendering
- GL_QCOM_tiled_rendering
EGL
- EGL_ANDROID_recordable
- EGL_NV_system_time

Android NDK r6b (August 2011)

This release of the NDK does not include any new features compared to r6. The r6b release addresses the following issues in the r6 release:

Important bug fixes

Fixed the build when APP_ABI="armeabi x86" is used for multi-architecture builds.
Fixed the location of prebuilt STLport binaries in the NDK release package. A bug in the packaging script placed them in the wrong location.
Fixed atexit() usage in shared libraries with the x86standalone toolchain.
Fixed make-standalone-toolchain.sh --arch=x86. It used to fail to copy the proper GNU libstdc++ binaries to the right location.
Fixed the standalone toolchain linker warnings about missing the definition and size for the __dso_handle symbol (ARM only).
Fixed the inclusion order of $(SYSROOT)/usr/include for x86 builds. See the bug for more information.
Fixed the definitions of ptrdiff_t and size_t in x86-specific systems when they are used with the x86 standalone toolchain.

Android NDK r6 (July 2011)

This release of the NDK includes support for the x86 ABI and other minor changes. For detailed information describing the changes in this release, read the CHANGES.HTML document included in the NDK package.

General notes:

Adds support for the x86 ABI, which allows you to generate machine code that runs on compatible x86-based Android devices. Major features for x86 include x86-specific toolchains, system headers, libraries and debugging support. For all of the details regarding x86 support, see docs/CPU-X86.html in the NDK package.
By default, code is generated for ARM-based devices, but you can add x86 to your APP_ABI definition in your Application.mk file to build for x86 platforms. For example, the following line instructs ndk-build to build your code for three distinct ABIs:
```
APP_ABI := armeabi armeabi-v7a x86
```
Unless you rely on ARM-based assembly sources, you shouldn't need to touch your Android.mk files to build x86 machine code.
You can build a standalone x86 toolchain using the --toolchain=x86-4.4.3 option when calling make-standalone-toolchain.sh. See docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html for more details.
The new ndk-stack tool lets you translate stack traces in logcat that are generated by native code. The tool translates instruction addresses into a readable format that contains things such as the function, source file, and line number corresponding to each stack frame. For more information and a usage example, see docs/NDK-STACK.html.

Other changes:

arm-eabi-4.4.0, which had been deprecated since NDK r5, has been removed from the NDK distribution.

Android NDK r5c (June 2011)

This release of the NDK does not include any new features compared to r5b. The r5c release addresses the following problems in the r5b release:

Important bug fixes:

ndk-build: Fixed a rare bug that appeared when trying to perform parallel builds of debuggable projects.
Fixed a typo that prevented LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES to work correctly with the new toolchain and added documentation for this in docs/ANDROID-MK.html.
Fixed a bug where code linked against gnustl_static crashed when run on platform releases older than API level 8 (Android 2.2).
ndk-gdb: Fixed a bug that caused a segmentation fault when debugging Android 3.0 or newer devices.

<android/input.h>: Two functions that were introduced in API level 9 (Android 2.3) were incorrect and are fixed. While this breaks the source API, the binary interface to the system is unchanged. The incorrect functions were missing a history_index parameter, and the correct definitions are shown below:

float AMotionEvent_getHistoricalRawX(const AInputEvent* motion_event,
                                           size_t pointer_index,
                                           size_t history_index);

float AMotionEvent_getHistoricalRawY(const AInputEvent* motion_event,
                                           size_t pointer_index,
                                           size_t history_index);

Updated the C library ARM binary for API level 9 (Android 2.3) to correctly expose at link time new functions that were added in that API level (for example, pthread_rwlock_init).

Minor improvements and fixes:

Object files are now always linked in the order they appear in LOCAL_SRC_FILES. This was not the case previously because the files were grouped by source extensions instead.
When import-module fails, it now prints the list of directories that were searched. This is useful to check that the NDK_MODULE_PATH definition used by the build system is correct.
When import-module succeeds, it now prints the directory where the module was found to the log (visible with NDK_LOG=1).
Increased the build speed of debuggable applications when there is a very large number of include directories in the project.
ndk-gdb: Better detection of adb shell failures and improved error messages.
<pthread.h>: Fixed the definition of PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER for API level 9 (Android 2.3) and higher.
Fixed an issue where a module could import itself, resulting in an infinite loop in GNU Make.
Fixed a bug that caused the build to fail if LOCAL_ARM_NEON was set to true (typo in build/core/build-binary.mk).
Fixed a bug that prevented the compilation of .s assembly files (.S files were okay).

Android NDK r5b (January 2011)

This release of the NDK does not include any new features compared to r5. The r5b release addresses the following problems in the r5 release:

The r5 binaries required glibc 2.11, but the r5b binaries are generated with a special toolchain that targets glibc 2.7 or higher instead. The Linux toolchain binaries now run on Ubuntu 8.04 or higher.
Fixes a compiler bug in the arm-linux-androideabi-4.4.3 toolchain. The previous binary generated invalid thumb instruction sequences when dealing with signed chars.
Adds missing documentation for the "gnustl_static" value for APP_STL, that allows you to link against a static library version of GNU libstdc++.
Fixed the following ndk-build issues:
- A bug that created inconsistent dependency files when a compilation error occurred on Windows. This prevented a proper build after the error was fixed in the source code.
- A Cygwin-specific bug where using very short paths for the Android NDK installation or the project path led to the generation of invalid dependency files. This made incremental builds impossible.
- A typo that prevented the cpufeatures library from working correctly with the new NDK toolchain.
- Builds in Cygwin are faster by avoiding calls to cygpath -m from GNU Make for every source or object file, which caused problems with very large source trees. In case this doesn't work properly, define NDK_USE_CYGPATH=1 in your environment to use cygpath -m again.
- The Cygwin installation now notifies the user of invalid installation paths that contain spaces. Previously, an invalid path would output an error that complained about an incorrect version of GNU Make, even if the right one was installed.
Fixed a typo that prevented the NDK_MODULE_PATH environment variable from working properly when it contained multiple directories separated with a colon.
The prebuilt-common.sh script contains fixes to check the compiler for 64-bit generated machine code, instead of relying on the host tag, which allows the 32-bit toolchain to rebuild properly on Snow Leopard. The toolchain rebuild scripts now also support using a 32-bit host toolchain.
A missing declaration for INET_ADDRSTRLEN was added to <netinet/in.h>.
Missing declarations for IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_NODELOCAL and IN6_IS_ADDR_MC_GLOBAL were added to <netinet/in6.h>.
'asm' was replaced with '__asm__' in <asm/byteorder.h> to allow compilation with -std=c99.

Android NDK r5 (December 2010)

This release of the NDK includes many new APIs, most of which are introduced to support the development of games and similar applications that make extensive use of native code. Using the APIs, developers have direct native access to events, audio, graphics and window management, assets, and storage. Developers can also implement the Android application lifecycle in native code with help from the new NativeActivity class. For detailed information describing the changes in this release, read the CHANGES.HTML document included in the downloaded NDK package.

General notes:

Adds support for native activities, which allows you to implement the Android application lifecycle in native code.
Adds native support for the following:
- Input subsystem (such as the keyboard and touch screen)
- Access to sensor data (accelerometer, compass, gyroscope, etc).
- Event loop APIs to wait for things such as input and sensor events.
- Window and surface subsystem
- Audio APIs based on the OpenSL ES standard that support playback and recording as well as control over platform audio effects
- Access to assets packaged in an .apk file.
Includes a new toolchain (based on GCC 4.4.3), which generates better code, and can also now be used as a standalone cross-compiler, for people who want to build their stuff with ./configure && make. See docs/STANDALONE-TOOLCHAIN.html for the details. The binaries for GCC 4.4.0 are still provided, but the 4.2.1 binaries were removed.
Adds support for prebuilt static and shared libraries (docs/PREBUILTS.html) and module exports and imports to make sharing and reuse of third-party modules much easier (docs/IMPORT-MODULE.html explains why).
Provides a default C++ STL implementation (based on STLport) as a helper module. It can be used either as a static or shared library (details and usage examples are in sources/android/stlport/README). Prebuilt binaries for STLport (static or shared) and GNU libstdc++ (static only) are also provided if you choose to compile against those libraries instead of the default C++ STL implementation. C++ Exceptions and RTTI are not supported in the default STL implementation. For more information, see docs/CPLUSPLUS-SUPPORT.HTML.
Includes improvements to the cpufeatures helper library that improves reporting of the CPU type (some devices previously reported ARMv7 CPU when the device really was an ARMv6). We recommend developers that use this library to rebuild their applications then upload to Google Play to benefit from the improvements.
Adds an EGL library that lets you create and manage OpenGL ES textures and services.
Adds new sample applications, native-plasma and native-activity, to demonstrate how to write a native activity.
Includes many bugfixes and other small improvements; see docs/CHANGES.html for a more detailed list of changes.

Android NDK r4b (June 2010)

NDK r4b notes:: Includes fixes for several issues in the NDK build and debugging scripts — if you are using NDK r4, we recommend downloading the NDK r4b build. For detailed information describing the changes in this release, read the CHANGES.TXT document included in the downloaded NDK package.

General notes:

Provides a simplified build system through the new ndk-build build command.
Adds support for easy native debugging of generated machine code on production devices through the new ndk-gdb command.
Adds a new Android-specific ABI for ARM-based CPU architectures, armeabi-v7a. The new ABI extends the existing armeabi ABI to include these CPU instruction set extensions:
- Thumb-2 instructions
- VFP hardware FPU instructions (VFPv3-D16)
- Optional support for ARM Advanced SIMD (NEON) GCC intrinsics and VFPv3-D32. Supported by devices such as Verizon Droid by Motorola, Google Nexus One, and others.
Adds a new cpufeatures static library (with sources) that lets your app detect the host device's CPU features at runtime. Specifically, applications can check for ARMv7-A support, as well as VFPv3-D32 and NEON support, then provide separate code paths as needed.
Adds a sample application, hello-neon, that illustrates how to use the cpufeatures library to check CPU features and then provide an optimized code path using NEON instrinsics, if supported by the CPU.
Lets you generate machine code for either or both of the instruction sets supported by the NDK. For example, you can build for both ARMv5 and ARMv7-A architectures at the same time and have everything stored to your application's final .apk.
To ensure that your applications are available to users only if their devices are capable of running them, Google Play now filters applications based on the instruction set information included in your application — no action is needed on your part to enable the filtering. Additionally, the Android system itself also checks your application at install time and allows the installation to continue only if the application provides a library that is compiled for the device's CPU architecture.
Adds support for Android 2.2, including a new stable API for accessing the pixel buffers of Bitmap objects from native code.

Android NDK r3 (March 2010)

General notes:

Adds OpenGL ES 2.0 native library support.
Adds a sample application,hello-gl2, that illustrates the use of OpenGL ES 2.0 vertex and fragment shaders.
The toolchain binaries have been refreshed for this release with GCC 4.4.0, which should generate slightly more compact and efficient machine code than the previous one (4.2.1). The NDK also still provides the 4.2.1 binaries, which you can optionally use to build your machine code.

Android NDK r2 (September 2009)

Originally released as "Android 1.6 NDK, Release 1".

General notes:

Adds OpenGL ES 1.1 native library support.
Adds a sample application, san-angeles, that renders 3D graphics through the native OpenGL ES APIs, while managing activity lifecycle with a GLSurfaceView object.

Android NDK r1 (June 2009)

Originally released as "Android 1.5 NDK, Release 1".

General notes:

Includes compiler support (GCC) for ARMv5TE instructions, including Thumb-1 instructions.
Includes system headers for stable native APIs, documentation, and sample applications.