行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 17 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，凡是在 Android 17 上執行的應用程式，「一律」都會受到下列行為變更所影響。您必須測試自己的應用程式，並視需要進行修改，以便在適當情況下支援這些變更。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 17 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

Android 17 (API 級別 37) 包含下列異動項目，這類變更會修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

應用程式記憶體限制

Android 17 會根據裝置的總 RAM 導入應用程式記憶體限制，為應用程式和 Android 使用者打造更穩定且可預測的環境。這些限制著重於記憶體流失和其他異常狀況，避免觸發全系統不穩定，導致 UI 延遲、耗電量增加，以及應用程式遭到終止。我們預期這項異動對絕大多數應用程式工作階段的影響不大，但仍建議您遵循下列記憶體最佳做法，包括建立記憶體基準。

您可以在 ApplicationExitInfo 中呼叫 getDescription，判斷應用程式工作階段是否受到影響；如果受到影響，結束原因會是 REASON_OTHER，說明則會包含 "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" 字串和其他資訊。您也可以搭配使用以觸發條件為準的剖析與 TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY，在達到記憶體上限時收集堆積傾印。

「管理應用程式的記憶體」說明文件提供相關資訊，協助您診斷應用程式的記憶體問題，並盡可能減少資源耗用量。

在記憶體限制下測試應用程式的行為

如要調整或停用任何裝置的記憶體限制，可以使用 Android Debug Bridge (adb)。殼層指令 am 提供三個子指令，可調整記憶體限制。(如果裝置沒有記憶體限制，這些指令不會有任何效果)。

  • am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
  • am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
  • am memory-limiter status
ignore

指示記憶體限制器忽略部分或所有程序。傳遞 UID (Android 使用者 ID) 會指示記憶體限制器，忽略與該 UID 相關聯的所有程序強制執行作業。您也可以傳遞 all (忽略所有應用程式) 或 none (不忽略任何應用程式)。傳遞 none 會覆寫先前對 am memory-limiter ignore 的任何呼叫。

如果您指示記憶體限制器忽略 UID，您仍可呼叫 am memory-limiter manual，對應用程式中的程序套用手動記憶體限制。

manual

指示系統對具有指定 PID (程序 ID) 的程序施加記憶體限制。記憶體限制以 MB 為單位指定為整數，例如傳遞 30 會指定程序限制為 30 MB 的記憶體。傳遞 max 會移除該程序的所有記憶體限制。 傳遞 none 會移除對程序設定的任何手動限制，並還原系統的預設限制 (如有)。

status

回報記憶體限制器的目前狀態。狀態包括對可見和不可見程序施加的記憶體限制。

隱私權

Android 17 包含下列異動項目，可提升使用者隱私權。

簡訊動態密碼防護

Beginning with Android 17, Android is expanding its protection for SMS messages containing one-time passwords (OTP).

In previous versions of Android, this protection was primarily focused on the SMS Retriever format. Delivery of messages containing an SMS retriever hash was delayed for most apps for three hours. However, certain apps (like the default SMS handler) were exempt from the delay, and the app that owned the hash was also exempted.

Beginning with Android 17, the protection is also applied to WebOTP format messages. If an app has permission to read SMS messages but is not the intended recipient of a WebOTP message (as determined by domain verification), the message is not accessible to the app until three hours after the message's receipt. This change is intended to improve user security by ensuring that only apps associated with the domain mentioned in the message can programmatically read the verification code.

During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is available to these apps after the delay. This change applies to all apps, regardless of their target API level.

Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.

安全性

Android 17 包含下列裝置和應用程式安全性改善項目。

usesClearTraffic 淘汰計畫

In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element. Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to using a network security configuration file, which lets you specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.

Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:

  • Set the usesCleartextTraffic attribute to true
  • Use a network configuration file

If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.

限制隱含 URI 授權

Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE, or ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and write URI permissions to the target app. Starting in Android 18, the system will no longer automatically grant these permissions. For this reason, we recommend that apps explicitly grant the relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.

To detect the usage of these intents in your app, use StrictMode with detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() to trigger a violation:

Kotlin

val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build()
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)

Java

StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build();
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);

Alternatively, you can monitor for logged exceptions containing the message Please set the grant explicitly in the app that appears when system implicitly sets the grant. You can monitor for these logs using the following adb command:

adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"

To explicitly grant the necessary permissions, add the FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION flag to ACTION_SEND and ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);

Include both FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION and FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION flags for ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

每個應用程式的金鑰儲存區限制

Apps should avoid creating excessive numbers of keys in Android Keystore, because it is a shared resource for all apps on the device. Beginning with Android 17, the system enforces a limit on the number of keys an app can own. The limit is 50,000 keys for non-system apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, and 200,000 keys for all other apps. System apps have a limit of 200,000 keys, regardless of which API level they target.

If an app attempts to create keys beyond the limit, the creation fails with a KeyStoreException. The exception's message string contains information about the key limit. If the app calls getNumericErrorCode() on the exception, the return value depends on what API level the app targets:

  • Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher: getNumericErrorCode() returns the new ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS value.
  • All other apps: getNumericErrorCode() returns ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE.

封鎖跨設定檔迴路流量

從 Android 17 開始，系統預設不再允許跨設定檔迴路流量。同一設定檔內的迴路流量不受影響。無論應用程式指定哪個 API 級別，只要在 Android 17 以上版本上執行，都會受到這項變更影響。

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 17 包含下列變更，目的是為了打造更一致、直覺的使用者體驗。

裝置旋轉後自動恢復預設的 IME 版面空間

Beginning with Android 17, when the device's configuration changes (for example, through rotation), and this is not handled by the app itself, the previous IME visibility is not restored.

If your app undergoes a configuration change that it does not handle, and the app needs the keyboard to be visible after the change, you must explicitly request this. You can make this request in one of the following ways:

  • Set the android:windowSoftInputMode attribute to stateAlwaysVisible.
  • Programmatically request the soft keyboard in your activity's onCreate() method, or add the onConfigurationChanged() method.

手動輸入

Android 17 包含下列異動項目，這些變更會影響應用程式與鍵盤和觸控板等人機介面裝置的互動方式。

在指標擷取期間，觸控板預設會傳送相對事件

從 Android 17 開始，如果應用程式使用 View.requestPointerCapture() 要求指標擷取，且使用者使用觸控板，系統會辨識使用者觸控時的指標移動和捲動手勢，並以與擷取滑鼠時指標和捲動滾輪移動相同的方式，將這些手勢回報給應用程式。在大多數情況下，支援擷取滑鼠的應用程式不必為觸控板新增特殊處理邏輯。詳情請參閱 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE 的說明文件。

先前，系統不會嘗試辨識觸控板的手勢，而是以類似觸控螢幕觸控的格式，將原始的絕對手指位置傳送至應用程式。如果應用程式仍需要這項絕對資料，應改為使用 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE 呼叫新的 View.requestPointerCapture(int) 方法。

媒體

Android 17 包含下列媒體行為變更。

背景音訊強化

從 Android 17 開始，音訊架構會強制限制背景音訊互動，包括音訊播放、音訊焦點要求和音量變更 API，確保這些變更是由使用者刻意啟動。

如果應用程式嘗試在無效的生命週期呼叫音訊 API，音訊播放和音量變更 API 會無聲無息地失敗，不會擲回例外狀況或提供失敗訊息。音訊焦點 API 失敗，結果代碼為 AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED。

如需更多資訊 (包括緩解策略)，請參閱「背景音訊強化」。

連線能力

Android 17 包含下列異動項目，可提升裝置連線能力。

藍牙配對遺失時自動重新配對

Android 17 introduces autonomous re-pairing, a system-level enhancement designed to automatically resolve Bluetooth bond loss.

Previously, if a bond was lost, users had to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and then re-pair the peripheral. This feature builds upon the security improvement of Android 16 by allowing the system to re-establish bonds in the background without requiring users to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and re-pair peripherals.

While most apps will not require code changes, developers should be aware of the following behavior changes in Bluetooth stack:

  • New pairing context: The ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST now includes the EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra which allows apps to distinguish between a standard pairing request and an autonomous system-initiated re-pairing attempt.
  • Conditional key updates: Existing security keys will only be replaced if the re-pairing is successful and new connection meets or exceeds the security level of the previous bond.
  • Modified intent timing: The ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is now broadcast only if the autonomous re-pairing attempt fails. This reduces unnecessary error handling in the app if the system successfully recovers the bond in the background.
  • User notification: The system manages re-pairing via new UI notifications and dialogs. Users will be prompted to confirm the re-pairing attempt to ensure they are aware of the reconnection.

Peripheral device manufacturers and companion app developers should verify that hardware and app gracefully handle bond transitions. To test this behavior, simulate a remote bond loss using either of the following methods:

  • Manually remove the bond information from the peripheral device
  • Manually unpair the device in: Settings > Connected devices