동작 변경사항: Android 16 이상을 타겟팅하는 앱

이전 버전과 마찬가지로 Android 16에는 앱에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 동작 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다. 다음 동작 변경사항은 Android 16 이상을 타겟팅하는 앱에만 적용됩니다. 앱이 Android 16 이상을 타겟팅하는 경우 이러한 동작을 지원하도록 앱을 수정해야 합니다(해당하는 경우).

앱의 targetSdkVersion과 관계없이 Android 16에서 실행되는 모든 앱에 영향을 미치는 동작 변경사항 목록도 검토해야 합니다.

사용자 환경 및 시스템 UI

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 더 일관되고 직관적인 사용자 환경을 만들기 위한 다음 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

더 넓은 화면 선택 해제 지원 종료

Android 15에서는 Android 15 (API 수준 35)를 타겟팅하는 앱에 더 넓은 화면을 강제 적용했지만 앱에서 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement을 true로 설정하여 선택 해제할 수 있습니다. Android 16 (API 수준 36)을 타겟팅하는 앱의 경우 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement가 지원 중단되고 사용 중지되며 앱에서 더 이상 전체 화면 모드를 선택 해제할 수 없습니다.

• 앱이 Android 16 (API 수준 36)을 타겟팅하고 Android 15 기기에서 실행되는 경우 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement는 계속 작동합니다.
• 앱이 Android 16 (API 수준 36)을 타겟팅하고 Android 16 기기에서 실행되는 경우 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement가 사용 중지됩니다.

Android 16에서 테스트하려면 앱이 더 넓은 화면을 지원하는지 확인하고 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 사용을 삭제하여 앱이 Android 15 기기에서도 더 넓은 화면을 지원하도록 합니다. 더 넓은 화면을 지원하려면 Compose 및 Views 안내를 참고하세요.

뒤로 탐색 예측을 위해 이전 또는 선택 해제 필요

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

세련된 글꼴 API 지원 중단 및 사용 중지

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

핵심 기능

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 Android 시스템의 다양한 핵심 기능을 수정하거나 확장하는 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

고정 요금 작업 일정 최적화

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

기기 폼 팩터

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 대형 화면 기기에 표시될 때 앱에 적용되는 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

적응형 레이아웃

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

건강 및 피트니스

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 건강 및 피트니스 데이터와 관련된 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

건강 및 피트니스 권한

Android 16 (API 수준 36) 이상을 타겟팅하는 앱의 경우 BODY_SENSORS 권한은 android.permissions.health 아래의 더 세분화된 권한을 사용하며, 이는 헬스 커넥트에서도 사용됩니다. Android 16부터 이전에 BODY_SENSORS 또는 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND가 필요했던 API에는 대신 해당하는 android.permissions.health 권한이 필요합니다. 이는 다음 데이터 유형, API, 포그라운드 서비스 유형에 영향을 미칩니다.

• Wear OS의 건강 관리 서비스에서 HEART_RATE_BPM
• Android 센서 관리자의 Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE
• Wear OS의 ProtoLayout에서 heartRateAccuracy 및 heartRateBpm
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH: BODY_SENSORS 대신 해당 android.permission.health 권한이 필요합니다.

앱이 이러한 API를 사용하는 경우 세부 권한을 요청해야 합니다.

• 심박수, SpO2 또는 피부 온도의 사용 중 모니터링의 경우 BODY_SENSORS 대신 android.permissions.health 아래의 상세 권한(예: READ_HEART_RATE)을 요청합니다.
• 백그라운드 센서 액세스의 경우 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND 대신 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND를 요청합니다.

이러한 권한은 건강, 피트니스, 웰니스 데이터용 Android 데이터 저장소인 헬스 커넥트에서 데이터를 읽는 액세스를 보호하는 권한과 동일합니다.

모바일 앱

READ_HEART_RATE 및 기타 세부 권한을 사용하도록 이전하는 모바일 앱은 앱의 개인정보처리방침을 표시하기 위해 활동을 선언해야 합니다. 이는 헬스 커넥트와 동일한 요구사항입니다.

연결

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 주변기기와의 연결을 개선하기 위해 블루투스 스택에 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

결합 손실 및 암호화 변경사항을 처리하는 새로운 인텐트

연결 손실 처리 개선의 일환으로 Android 16에서는 앱에 연결 손실 및 암호화 변경사항에 대한 더 나은 인식을 제공하는 두 가지 새로운 인텐트를 도입합니다.

이제 Android 16을 타겟팅하는 앱은 다음을 실행할 수 있습니다.

• 원격 결합 손실이 감지되면 ACTION_KEY_MISSING 인텐트를 수신하여 더 많은 정보를 제공하는 사용자 의견을 제공하고 적절한 조치를 취할 수 있습니다.
• 링크의 암호화 상태가 변경될 때마다 ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE 인텐트를 수신합니다. 여기에는 암호화 상태 변경, 암호화 알고리즘 변경, 암호화 키 크기 변경이 포함됩니다. 나중에 ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE 인텐트를 수신할 때 연결이 성공적으로 암호화되면 앱은 결합이 복원되었다고 간주해야 합니다.

다양한 OEM 구현에 맞게 조정

Android 16에서는 이러한 새 인텐트를 도입하지만 구현 및 브로드캐스트는 기기 제조업체 (OEM)마다 다를 수 있습니다. 앱이 모든 기기에서 일관되고 안정적인 환경을 제공하려면 개발자는 이러한 잠재적 변형에 원활하게 적응하도록 결합 손실 처리를 설계해야 합니다.

다음과 같은 앱 동작을 권장합니다.

• ACTION_KEY_MISSING 인텐트가 브로드캐스트되면 다음이 실행됩니다.

  ACL (비동기 비연결) 링크는 시스템에서 연결 해제되지만 기기의 결합 정보는 유지됩니다 (여기에 설명).

  앱은 이 인텐트를 결합 손실 감지의 기본 신호로 사용하고 기기 잊기 또는 재페어링을 시작하기 전에 사용자가 원격 기기가 범위 내에 있는지 확인하도록 안내해야 합니다.

  ACTION_KEY_MISSING이 수신된 후 기기가 연결 해제되면 기기가 더 이상 시스템과 결합되지 않을 수 있으므로 앱은 다시 연결하는 데 주의해야 합니다.

• ACTION_KEY_MISSING 인텐트가 브로드캐스트되지 않은 경우:

  ACL 링크는 연결된 상태로 유지되며 기기의 결합 정보는 Android 15의 동작과 마찬가지로 시스템에서 삭제됩니다.

  이 시나리오에서 앱은 이전 Android 버전과 마찬가지로 기존의 결합 손실 처리 메커니즘을 계속 사용하여 결합 손실 이벤트를 감지하고 관리해야 합니다.

블루투스 결합을 삭제하는 새로운 방법

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

보안

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 다음과 같은 보안 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

MediaStore 버전 잠금

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

더 안전한 인텐트

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

개인정보처리방침

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 다음과 같은 개인 정보 보호 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

로컬 네트워크 권한

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

앱 소유 사진

Android 16 이상을 실행하는 기기에서 SDK 36 이상을 타겟팅하는 앱에서 사진 및 동영상 권한을 요청하는 메시지가 표시되면 선택한 미디어에 대한 액세스를 제한하는 사용자에게는 앱이 소유한 사진이 사진 선택 도구에서 미리 선택된 상태로 표시됩니다. 사용자는 이러한 사전 선택된 항목을 선택 해제할 수 있으며, 이 경우 앱의 사진 및 동영상 액세스 권한이 취소됩니다.