Tipos de servicios en primer plano

A partir de Android 14 (API nivel 34), debes declarar un tipo de servicio adecuado para cada servicio en primer plano. Esto significa que debes declarar el tipo de servicio en el manifiesto de tu app y también solicitar el permiso de servicio en primer plano adecuado para ese tipo (además de solicitar el permiso FOREGROUND_SERVICE). Además, según el tipo de servicio en primer plano, es posible que debas solicitar permisos de tiempo de ejecución antes de iniciar el servicio.

Cámara

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en android:foregroundServiceType
camera
Permiso que se debe declarar en el manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
Requisitos previos del tiempo de ejecución

Solicitar y obtener el permiso de tiempo de ejecución CAMERA

Descripción

Se sigue accediendo a la cámara en segundo plano, como las apps de videochat que permiten realizar varias tareas a la vez.

Dispositivo conectado

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

Sincronización de datos

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Data transfer operations, such as the following:

  • Data upload or download
  • Backup-and-restore operations
  • Import or export operations
  • Fetch data
  • Local file processing
  • Transfer data between a device and the cloud over a network
Alternatives

See Alternatives to data sync foreground services for detailed information.

Salud

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
health
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
Es la constante que se pasa a startForeground().
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución

Debe cumplirse mínimo una de las siguientes condiciones:

Descripción

Cualquier caso de uso de larga duración para admitir apps de la categoría de entrenamiento, como monitoreos de ejercicios

Ubicación

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
location
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
Es la constante que se pasa a startForeground().
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución

El usuario debe haber habilitado los servicios de ubicación, y la app debe tener al menos uno de los siguientes permisos de tiempo de ejecución:

Descripción

Casos de uso de larga duración que requieren acceso a la ubicación, como la navegación y el uso compartido de la ubicación

Alternativas

Si tu app debe activarse cuando el usuario llega a ubicaciones específicas, considera usar la API de geovallado.

Contenido multimedia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.

Alternatives

If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.

Procesando archivos multimedia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProcessing
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Service for performing time-consuming operations on media assets, like converting media to different formats. The system allows this service a limited time to run; under normal circumstances, this time limit would be 6 hours out of every 24. (This limit is shared by all of an app's mediaProcessing foreground services.)

Your app should manually stop the media processing service in the following scenario:

If the timeout period is reached, the system calls the service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), an ANR will occur with this error message: "A foreground service of <fgs_type> did not stop within its timeout: <component_name>".

Note: Service.onTimeout(int, int) is not available on Android 14 or lower. On devices running those versions, if a media processing service reaches the timeout period, the system immediately caches the app. For this reason, your app shouldn't wait to get a timeout notification. Instead, it should terminate the foreground service or change it to a background service as soon as appropriate.

Proyección de contenido multimedia

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Runtime prerequisites

Call the createScreenCaptureIntent() method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.

After you have created the foreground service, you can call MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().

Description

Project content to non-primary display or external device using the MediaProjection APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.

Alternatives

To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.

Micrófono

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
Permiso que se debe declarar en el manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
Requisitos previos del tiempo de ejecución

Solicita y obtén el permiso de tiempo de ejecución RECORD_AUDIO.

Descripción

Continúa con la captura de micrófono en segundo plano, como las grabadoras de voz o las apps de comunicación.

Llamada telefónica

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
Permiso que se debe declarar en el manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
Requisitos previos del tiempo de ejecución

Debe cumplirse al menos una de las siguientes condiciones:

  • La app es la app de teléfono predeterminada a través del rol de ROLE_DIALER.
Descripción

Continúa una llamada en curso con las APIs de ConnectionService.

Alternativas

Si necesitas hacer llamadas telefónicas, de video o por VoIP, considera usar la biblioteca android.telecom.

Considera usar CallScreeningService para filtrar llamadas.

Mensajería remota

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description
Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.

Servicio corto

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
Permission to declare in your manifest
None
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

  • Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
  • No support for sticky foreground services.
  • Cannot start other foreground services.
  • Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
  • A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
  • A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

Uso especial

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto en
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución
Ninguno
Descripción

Abarca todos los casos de uso válidos de servicios en primer plano que no están cubiertos por los otros tipos de servicios en primer plano.

Además de declarar el tipo de servicio en primer plano de FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE, los desarrolladores deben declarar casos de uso en el manifiesto. Para ello, especifican el elemento <property> dentro del objeto <service>. Estos valores y los casos de uso correspondientes se revisan cuando envías tu app en Google Play Console. El uso son de formato libre, y debes asegurarte de proporcionar suficientes información para que el revisor pueda ver por qué necesitas usar specialUse el tipo de letra.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

Sistema exento

Tipo de servicio en primer plano que se declarará en el manifiesto
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
Permiso para declarar en tu manifiesto
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Constante para pasar a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Requisitos previos del entorno de ejecución
Ninguno
Descripción

Reservado para aplicaciones del sistema, además de integraciones de sistemas específicos, para seguir usando los servicios en primer plano.

Para usar este tipo, una app debe cumplir con mínimo uno de los siguientes criterios:

Aplicación forzosa de las políticas de Google Play para usar tipos de servicios en primer plano

If your app targets Android 14 or higher, you'll need to declare your app's foreground service types in the Play Console's app content page (Policy > App content). For more information on how to declare your foreground service types in Play Console, see Understanding foreground service and full-screen intent requirements.