Entwickler verwenden Kryptografie, um die Vertraulichkeit und Integrität von Daten mit robusten Algorithmen zu schützen. Der Schlüsselspeicher wird jedoch häufig nicht optimal genutzt. Häufig sind die Schlüssel als String oder Byte-Array im Code oder in einer Asset-Datei wie strings.xml hartcodiert in die Anwendung eingebettet. Wenn Geheimnisse in Dateien der App offengelegt werden, verstößt dies gegen das Kerchoff-Prinzip und das Sicherheitsmodell kann als gebrochen betrachtet werden.
Positiv beeinflussen
Ein Angreifer mit Zugriff auf Reverse-Engineering-Tools kann ein hartcodiertes Secret sehr einfach abrufen. Je nach Bedingungen kann die Auswirkung variieren, in vielen Fällen führt sie jedoch zu erheblichen Sicherheitsproblemen, z. B. zum Zugriff auf vertrauliche Daten.
Abhilfemaßnahmen
Um dieses Problem zu vermeiden, können Sie die KeyChain API verwenden, wenn Sie systemweite Anmeldedaten benötigen, oder den Android Keystore-Anbieter, um einer einzelnen App zu ermöglichen, eigene Anmeldedaten zu speichern, auf die nur die App selbst zugreifen kann.
Im folgenden Code-Snippet wird gezeigt, wie ein symmetrischer Schlüssel mit KeyStore gespeichert und verwendet wird:
Kotlin
privatevalANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER="AndroidKeyStore"privatevalANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS="AES_KEY_DEMO"@Throws(KeyStoreException::class,NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,NoSuchProviderException::class,InvalidAlgorithmParameterException::class)privatefuncreateAndStoreSecretKey(){valbuilder:KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder=KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPTorKeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT)valkeySpec:KeyGenParameterSpec=builder.setKeySize(256).setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM).setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE).setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true).build()valaesKeyGenerator:KeyGenerator=KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES,ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec)valkey:SecretKey=aesKeyGenerator.generateKey()}@Throws(KeyStoreException::class,UnrecoverableEntryException::class,NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,CertificateException::class,IOException::class,NoSuchPaddingException::class,InvalidKeyException::class,IllegalBlockSizeException::class,BadPaddingException::class)privatefunencryptWithKeyStore(plainText:String):ByteArray? {// Initialize KeyStorevalkeyStore:KeyStore=KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)keyStore.load(null)// Retrieve the key with alias androidKeyStoreAlias created beforevalkeyEntry:KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry=keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,null)asKeyStore.SecretKeyEntryvalkey:SecretKey=keyEntry.secretKey// Use the secret key at your conveniencevalcipher:Cipher=Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/NoPadding")cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE,key)returncipher.doFinal(plainText.toByteArray())}
Java
staticprivatefinalStringANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER="AndroidKeyStore";staticprivatefinalStringANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS="AES_KEY_DEMO";privatevoidcreateAndStoreSecretKey()throwsKeyStoreException,NoSuchAlgorithmException,NoSuchProviderException,InvalidAlgorithmParameterException{KeyGenParameterSpec.Builderbuilder=newKeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT|KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT);KeyGenParameterSpeckeySpec=builder.setKeySize(256).setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM).setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE).setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true).build();KeyGeneratoraesKeyGenerator=KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES,ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec);SecretKeykey=aesKeyGenerator.generateKey();}privatebyte[]encryptWithKeyStore(finalStringplainText)throwsKeyStoreException,UnrecoverableEntryException,NoSuchAlgorithmException,CertificateException,IOException,NoSuchPaddingException,InvalidKeyException,IllegalBlockSizeException,BadPaddingException{// Initialize KeyStoreKeyStorekeyStore=KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);keyStore.load(null);// Retrieve the key with alias ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS created beforeKeyStore.SecretKeyEntrykeyEntry=(KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry)keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,null);SecretKeykey=keyEntry.getSecretKey();// Use the secret key at your conveniencefinalCiphercipher=Cipher.getInstance("AES/GCM/NoPadding");cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE,key);returncipher.doFinal(plainText.getBytes());}
Alle Inhalte und Codebeispiele auf dieser Seite unterliegen den Lizenzen wie im Abschnitt Inhaltslizenz beschrieben. Java und OpenJDK sind Marken oder eingetragene Marken von Oracle und/oder seinen Tochtergesellschaften.
Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2025-07-26 (UTC).
[[["Leicht verständlich","easyToUnderstand","thumb-up"],["Mein Problem wurde gelöst","solvedMyProblem","thumb-up"],["Sonstiges","otherUp","thumb-up"]],[["Benötigte Informationen nicht gefunden","missingTheInformationINeed","thumb-down"],["Zu umständlich/zu viele Schritte","tooComplicatedTooManySteps","thumb-down"],["Nicht mehr aktuell","outOfDate","thumb-down"],["Problem mit der Übersetzung","translationIssue","thumb-down"],["Problem mit Beispielen/Code","samplesCodeIssue","thumb-down"],["Sonstiges","otherDown","thumb-down"]],["Zuletzt aktualisiert: 2025-07-26 (UTC)."],[],[],null,["# Hardcoded Cryptographic Secrets\n\n\u003cbr /\u003e\n\n**OWASP category:** [MASVS-CRYPTO: Cryptography](https://mas.owasp.org/MASVS/06-MASVS-CRYPTO)\n\nOverview\n--------\n\n| **Note:** This article isn't focused on how to protect API keys.\n\nDevelopers use cryptography to protect confidentiality and integrity of data using robust algorithms. However, the key storage is often underused, and it's common to find them hardcoded into the application as a string or byte array in the code or in an asset file such as `strings.xml`. If secrets are exposed in any files of the app, this goes against [Kerchoff's principle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle) and the security model can be considered as broken.\n\nImpact\n------\n\nAn attacker with access to reverse engineering tools can retrieve a hard-coded secret very easily. Depending on conditions the impact might vary, but in many cases it leads to major security issues, such as access to sensitive data.\n\nMitigations\n-----------\n\nTo mitigate this issue, consider using the [KeyChain](/reference/android/security/KeyChain) API when you want system-wide credentials, or the [Android Keystore](/training/articles/keystore) provider to let an individual app store its own credentials that only the app itself can access.\n\nThe following code snippet shows how to store and use a symmetric key using\n`KeyStore`: \n\n### Kotlin\n\n private val ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER = \"AndroidKeyStore\"\n private val ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS = \"AES_KEY_DEMO\"\n\n @Throws(\n KeyStoreException::class,\n NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,\n NoSuchProviderException::class,\n InvalidAlgorithmParameterException::class\n )\n private fun createAndStoreSecretKey() {\n val builder: KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder = KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(\n ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,\n KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT or KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT\n )\n val keySpec: KeyGenParameterSpec = builder\n .setKeySize(256)\n .setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM)\n .setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE)\n .setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true)\n .build()\n val aesKeyGenerator: KeyGenerator =\n KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES, ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)\n aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec)\n val key: SecretKey = aesKeyGenerator.generateKey()\n }\n\n @Throws(\n KeyStoreException::class,\n UnrecoverableEntryException::class,\n NoSuchAlgorithmException::class,\n CertificateException::class,\n IOException::class,\n NoSuchPaddingException::class,\n InvalidKeyException::class,\n IllegalBlockSizeException::class,\n BadPaddingException::class\n )\n private fun encryptWithKeyStore(plainText: String): ByteArray? {\n // Initialize KeyStore\n val keyStore: KeyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER)\n keyStore.load(null)\n // Retrieve the key with alias androidKeyStoreAlias created before\n val keyEntry: KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry =\n keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS, null) as KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry\n val key: SecretKey = keyEntry.secretKey\n // Use the secret key at your convenience\n val cipher: Cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/GCM/NoPadding\")\n cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key)\n return cipher.doFinal(plainText.toByteArray())\n }\n\n### Java\n\n static private final String ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER = \"AndroidKeyStore\";\n static private final String ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS = \"AES_KEY_DEMO\";\n\n private void createAndStoreSecretKey() throws KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, NoSuchProviderException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {\n KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder builder = new KeyGenParameterSpec.Builder(\n ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS,\n KeyProperties.PURPOSE_ENCRYPT | KeyProperties.PURPOSE_DECRYPT);\n KeyGenParameterSpec keySpec = builder\n .setKeySize(256)\n .setBlockModes(KeyProperties.BLOCK_MODE_GCM)\n .setEncryptionPaddings(KeyProperties.ENCRYPTION_PADDING_NONE)\n .setRandomizedEncryptionRequired(true)\n .build();\n KeyGenerator aesKeyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(KeyProperties.KEY_ALGORITHM_AES, ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);\n aesKeyGenerator.init(keySpec);\n SecretKey key = aesKeyGenerator.generateKey();\n }\n\n private byte[] encryptWithKeyStore(final String plainText) throws KeyStoreException, UnrecoverableEntryException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateException, IOException, NoSuchPaddingException, InvalidKeyException, IllegalBlockSizeException, BadPaddingException {\n // Initialize KeyStore\n KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_PROVIDER);\n keyStore.load(null);\n // Retrieve the key with alias ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS created before\n KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry keyEntry = (KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry) keyStore.getEntry(ANDROID_KEY_STORE_ALIAS, null);\n SecretKey key = keyEntry.getSecretKey();\n // Use the secret key at your convenience\n final Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(\"AES/GCM/NoPadding\");\n cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key);\n return cipher.doFinal(plainText.getBytes());\n }\n\nResources\n---------\n\n- [Android KeyStore system](/training/articles/keystore)\n\n- [KeyStore documentation](/reference/java/security/KeyStore)\n\n- [KeyChain documentation](/reference/android/security/KeyChain)\n\n- [CWE-321: Use of Hard-coded Cryptographic Key](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/321.html)"]]