Foreground services

Foreground services perform operations that are noticeable to the user.

Foreground services show a status bar notification, so that users are actively aware that your app is performing a task in the foreground and is consuming system resources. The notification cannot be dismissed unless the service is either stopped or removed from the foreground.

Devices that run Android 12 (API level 31) or higher provide a streamlined experience for short-running foreground services. On these devices, the system waits 10 seconds before showing the notification associated with a foreground service. There are a few exceptions; several types of services always display a notification immediately.

Examples of apps that would use foreground services include the following:

  • A music player app that plays music in a foreground service. The notification might show the current song that is being played.
  • A fitness app that records a user's run in a foreground service, after receiving permission from the user. The notification might show the distance that the user has traveled during the current fitness session.

You should only use a foreground service when your app needs to perform a task that is noticeable by the user even when they're not directly interacting with the app. If the action is of low enough importance that you want to use a minimum-priority notification, create a background task instead.

This document describes the required permission for using foreground services, how to start a foreground service and remove it from the background, how to associate certain use cases with foreground service types, and the access restrictions that take effect when you start a foreground service from an app that's running in the background.

Services that show a notification immediately

If a foreground service has at least one of the following characteristics, the system shows the associated notification immediately after the service starts, even on devices that run Android 12 or higher:

  • The service is associated with a notification that includes action buttons.
  • The service has a foregroundServiceType of mediaPlayback, mediaProjection, or phoneCall.
  • The service provides a use case related to phone calls, navigation, or media playback, as defined in the notification's category attribute.
  • The service has opted out of the behavior change by passing FOREGROUND_SERVICE_IMMEDIATE into setForegroundServiceBehavior() when setting up the notification.

Request the foreground service permission

Apps that target Android 9 (API level 28) or higher and use foreground services must request the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission, as shown in the following code snippet. This is a normal permission, so the system automatically grants it to the requesting app.

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" ...>

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE"/>

    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Start a foreground service

Before you request the system to run a service as a foreground service, start the service itself:

Kotlin

val intent = Intent(...) // Build the intent for the service
applicationContext.startForegroundService(intent)

Java

Context context = getApplicationContext();
Intent intent = new Intent(...); // Build the intent for the service
context.startForegroundService(intent);

Inside the service, usually in onStartCommand(), you can request that your service run in the foreground. To do so, call startForeground(). This method takes two parameters: a positive integer that uniquely identifies the notification in the status bar and the Notification object itself.

Here is an example:

Kotlin

// If the notification supports a direct reply action, use
// PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE instead.
val pendingIntent: PendingIntent =
        Intent(this, ExampleActivity::class.java).let { notificationIntent ->
            PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notificationIntent,
                    PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE)
        }

val notification: Notification = Notification.Builder(this, CHANNEL_DEFAULT_IMPORTANCE)
        .setContentTitle(getText(R.string.notification_title))
        .setContentText(getText(R.string.notification_message))
        .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.icon)
        .setContentIntent(pendingIntent)
        .setTicker(getText(R.string.ticker_text))
        .build()

// Notification ID cannot be 0.
startForeground(ONGOING_NOTIFICATION_ID, notification)

Java

// If the notification supports a direct reply action, use
// PendingIntent.FLAG_MUTABLE instead.
Intent notificationIntent = new Intent(this, ExampleActivity.class);
PendingIntent pendingIntent =
        PendingIntent.getActivity(this, 0, notificationIntent,
                PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE);

Notification notification =
          new Notification.Builder(this, CHANNEL_DEFAULT_IMPORTANCE)
    .setContentTitle(getText(R.string.notification_title))
    .setContentText(getText(R.string.notification_message))
    .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.icon)
    .setContentIntent(pendingIntent)
    .setTicker(getText(R.string.ticker_text))
    .build();

// Notification ID cannot be 0.
startForeground(ONGOING_NOTIFICATION_ID, notification);

Restrictions on background starts

Apps that target Android 12 (API level 31) or higher can't start foreground services while running in the background, except for a few special cases. If an app tries to start a foreground service while the app is running in the background, and the foreground service doesn't satisfy one of the exceptional cases, the system throws a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

Check whether your app performs background starts

To better understand when your app attempts to launch a foreground service while running in the background, you can enable notifications that appear each time this behavior occurs. To do so, execute the following ADB command on the development machine connected to your test device or emulator:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager \
  default_fgs_starts_restriction_notification_enabled true

Update your app's logic

If you discover that your app starts foreground services while running from the background, update your app's logic to use WorkManager. To view an example of how to update your app, look through the WorkManagerSample on GitHub.

Exemptions from background start restrictions

In the following situations, your app can start foreground services even while your app is running in the background:

Remove a service from the foreground

To remove the service from the foreground, call stopForeground(). This method takes a boolean, which indicates whether to remove the status bar notification as well. Note that the service continues to run.

If you stop the service while it's running in the foreground, its notification is removed.

Declare foreground service types

If your app targets Android 10 (API level 29) or higher and accesses location information in a foreground service, declare the location foreground service type as an attribute of your <service> component.

If your app targets Android 11 (API level 30) or higher and accesses the camera or microphone in a foreground service, declare the camera or microphone foreground service types, respectively, as attributes of your <service> component.

By default, when you call startForeground() at runtime, the system allows access to each of the service types that you declare in the app manifest. You can choose to limit access to a subset of the declared service types, as shown in the code snippets within the following sections.

Example using location and camera

If a foreground service in your app needs to access the device's location and camera, declare the service as shown in the following snippet:

AndroidManifest.xml

<manifest>
    ...
    <service ... android:foregroundServiceType="location|camera" />
</manifest>

At runtime, if the foreground service only needs access to a subset of the types declared in the manifest, you can limit the service's access using the logic in the following code snippet:

MyService

Kotlin

val notification: Notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

Java

Notification notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION);

Example using location, camera, and microphone

If a foreground service needs to access location, the camera, and the microphone, declare the service as shown in the following snippet:

AndroidManifest.xml

<manifest>
    ...
    <service ...
        android:foregroundServiceType="location|camera|microphone" />
</manifest>

At runtime, if the foreground service only needs access to a subset of the types declared in the manifest, you can limit the service's access using the logic in the following code snippet:

MyService

Kotlin

val notification: Notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification,
        FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION or FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA)

Java

Notification notification = ...;
Service.startForeground(notification,
        FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION | FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA);

Add foreground service types of Work Manager workers

If your app uses Work Manager and has a long-running worker that requires access to location, camera, or microphone, follow the steps to add a foreground service type to a long-running worker, and specify the additional or alternative foreground service types that your worker uses. You can choose from the following foreground service types:

Restricted access to location, camera, and microphone

To help protect user privacy, Android 11 (API level 30) introduces limitations to when a foreground service can access the device's location, camera, or microphone. When your app starts a foreground service while the app is running in the background, the foreground service has the following limitations:

  • Unless the user has granted the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission to your app, the foreground service cannot access location.
  • The foreground service cannot access the microphone or camera.

Exemptions from the restrictions

In some situations, even if a foreground service is started while the app is running in the background, it can still access location, camera, and microphone information while the app is running in the foreground ("while-in-use"). In these same situations, if the service declares a foreground service type of location and is started by an app that has the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION permission, this service can access location information all the time, even when the app is running in the background.

The following list contains these situations:

  • The service is started by a system component.
  • The service is started by interacting with app widgets.
  • The service is started by interacting with a notification.
  • The service is started as a PendingIntent that is sent from a different, visible app.
  • The service is started by an app that is a device policy controller that is running in device owner mode.
  • The service is started by an app which provides the VoiceInteractionService.
  • The service is started by an app that has the START_ACTIVITIES_FROM_BACKGROUND privileged permission.

Determine which services are affected in your app

When testing your app, start its foreground services. If a started service has restricted access to location, microphone, and camera, the following message appears in Logcat:

Foreground service started from background can not have \
location/camera/microphone access: service SERVICE_NAME