Before you declare permissions in your app, consider whether you need to do so. Every time the user tries an app feature that requires a runtime permission, your app has to interrupt the user's work with a permission request. The user then must make a decision. If the user doesn't understand why your app requests a particular permission, they could deny the permission or even uninstall your app.
Consider whether another installed app might be able to perform the functionality on your app's behalf. In these cases, you should delegate the task to another app using an intent. In doing so, you don't need to declare the necessary permissions because the other app declares the permission instead.
Alternatives to declaring permissions
This section describes several use cases that your app can fulfill without declaring the need for any permissions.
Show nearby places
Your app might need to know the user's approximate location. This is useful for showing location-aware information, such as nearby restaurants.
Some use cases require a rough estimate of a device's location, to within about
1.25 miles (2 km). In these situations, you can declare the
ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION permission. It's better to not declare the permission,
and instead ask the user to enter an address or a postal code.
Other use cases require a more precise estimate of a device's location. Only in
those situations, it's OK to declare the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION permission.
Take a photo
Users might take pictures in your app, using the pre-installed system camera app.
In this situation, don't declare the CAMERA permission. Instead, invoke the
ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE
intent action.
Record a video
Users might record videos in your app, using the pre-installed system camera app.
In this situation, don't declare the CAMERA permission. Instead, invoke the
ACTION_VIDEO_CAPTURE
intent action.
Open media that your app created
Your app might show media content, such as photos or videos, that the user
created while in your app. In this situation, you don't need to use the
READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission on devices that run Android 10 (API level 29)
or higher, as long as your app targets Android 10 or higher. If your app targets
Android 10, opt out of scoped
storage.
For compatibility with older devices, declare the READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
permission, and set the android:maxSdkVersion to 28.
Look for the file in one of the following collections, which are well-known to the media store:
Use ContentResolver to query
media content directly from the media store, rather than attempting to discover
media content on your own.
Open documents
Your app might show documents that the user created, either in your app or in another app. A common example is a text file.
In this situation, you don't need to use the READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission
on devices that run Android 10 or higher, as long as your app targets Android 10
or higher. If your app targets Android 10, opt out of scoped
storage.
For compatibility with older devices, declare the READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
permission, and set the android:maxSdkVersion to 28.
Depending on which app created the document, do one of the following:
- If the user created the document in your app, access it directly.
- If the user created the document in another app, use the Storage Access Framework.
Identify the device that is running an instance of your app
A particular instance of your app might need to know which device it's running on. This is useful for apps that have device-specific preferences or messaging, such as different playlists for TV devices and wearable devices.
In this situation, don't access the device's IMEI directly. In fact, as of Android 10, you cannot do so. Instead, do one of the following:
- Get a unique device identifier for your app's instance using the Instance ID library.
- Create your own identifier that's scoped to your app's storage. Use basic
system functions, such as
randomUUID().
Pair with a device over Bluetooth
Your app might offer an enhanced experience by transferring data to another device over Bluetooth.
To support this functionality, don't declare the ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATIION, or BLUETOOTH_ADMIN permissions. Instead, use
companion device pairing.
Pause media when your app is interrupted
If the user receives a phone call, or if a user-configured alarm occurs, your app should pause any media playback until your app regains audio focus.
To support this functionality, don't declare the READ_PHONE_STATE
permission. Instead, implement the
onAudioFocusChange()
event handler, which runs automatically when the system shifts its audio focus.
Learn more about how to implement audio
focus.
Filter phone calls
To minimize unnecessary interruptions for the user, your app might filter phone calls for spam.
To support this functionality, don't declare the READ_PHONE_STATE permission.
Instead, use the
CallScreeningService API.