Perubahan perilaku: Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16 atau yang lebih tinggi

Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 16 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16 atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 16 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini, jika berlaku.

Pastikan Anda juga meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 16, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion aplikasi Anda.

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Penghapusan opsi tidak menggunakan layar penuh

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

Migrasi atau penonaktifan diperlukan untuk kembali prediktif

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

API font elegan tidak digunakan lagi dan dinonaktifkan

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

Fungsi inti

Android 16 (level API 36) mencakup perubahan berikut yang mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Pengoptimalan penjadwalan kerja tarif tetap

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

Faktor bentuk perangkat

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut untuk aplikasi saat ditampilkan di perangkat layar besar.

Tata letak adaptif

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

Kesehatan dan kebugaran

Android 16 (level API 36) mencakup perubahan berikut terkait data kesehatan dan kebugaran.

Izin kesehatan dan kebugaran

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

Konektivitas

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut dalam stack Bluetooth untuk meningkatkan konektivitas dengan perangkat periferal.

Maksud baru untuk menangani hilangnya koneksi dan perubahan enkripsi

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

Cara baru untuk menghapus koneksi bluetooth

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Keamanan

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan keamanan berikut.

Penguncian versi MediaStore

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

Intent yang Lebih Aman

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Privasi

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan privasi berikut.

Izin Jaringan Lokal

Perangkat di LAN dapat diakses oleh aplikasi apa pun yang memiliki izin INTERNET. Hal ini memudahkan aplikasi terhubung ke perangkat lokal, tetapi juga memiliki implikasi privasi seperti membentuk sidik jari pengguna, dan menjadi proxy untuk lokasi.

Project Perlindungan Jaringan Lokal bertujuan untuk melindungi privasi pengguna dengan membatasi akses ke jaringan lokal di balik izin runtime baru.

Rencana rilis

Perubahan ini akan di-deploy antara dua rilis, yaitu 25Q2 dan TBD. Developer harus mengikuti panduan ini untuk 25Q2 dan memberikan masukan karena perlindungan ini akan diterapkan pada rilis Android mendatang. Selain itu, mereka harus memperbarui skenario yang bergantung pada akses jaringan lokal implisit dengan menggunakan panduan berikut dan bersiap menghadapi penolakan dan pencabutan izin baru oleh pengguna.

Dampak

Pada tahap saat ini, LNP adalah fitur keikutsertaan yang berarti hanya aplikasi yang memilih untuk menggunakan fitur ini yang akan terpengaruh. Tujuan fase keikutsertaan adalah agar developer aplikasi memahami bagian aplikasi mereka yang bergantung pada akses jaringan lokal implisit sehingga mereka dapat bersiap untuk melindungi izinnya pada rilis berikutnya.

Aplikasi akan terpengaruh jika mengakses jaringan lokal pengguna menggunakan:

• Penggunaan soket mentah secara langsung atau library pada alamat jaringan lokal (misalnya, protokol penemuan layanan mDNS atau SSDP)
• Penggunaan class tingkat framework yang mengakses jaringan lokal (misalnya, NsdManager)

Traffic ke dan dari alamat jaringan lokal memerlukan izin akses jaringan lokal. Tabel berikut mencantumkan beberapa kasus umum:

Pembatasan ini diterapkan jauh di dalam stack jaringan, sehingga berlaku untuk semua API jaringan. Hal ini mencakup soket yang dibuat dalam kode native atau terkelola, library jaringan seperti Cronet dan OkHttp, serta API apa pun yang diimplementasikan di atasnya. Mencoba menyelesaikan layanan di jaringan lokal (yaitu yang memiliki sufiks .local) akan memerlukan izin jaringan lokal.

Pengecualian untuk aturan di atas:

• Jika server DNS perangkat berada di jaringan lokal, traffic ke atau dari server tersebut (di port 53) tidak memerlukan izin akses jaringan lokal.
• Aplikasi yang menggunakan Output Switcher sebagai pemilih dalam aplikasi tidak memerlukan izin jaringan lokal (panduan lebih lanjut akan tersedia pada Kuartal 4 2025).

Panduan Developer (Keikutsertaan)

Untuk mengaktifkan batasan jaringan lokal, lakukan hal berikut:

1. Lakukan flash pada perangkat ke build dengan 25Q2 Beta 3 atau yang lebih baru.
2. Instal aplikasi yang akan diuji.

3. Mengaktifkan/menonaktifkan flag Appcompat di adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Mulai Ulang Perangkat

Sekarang akses aplikasi Anda ke jaringan lokal dibatasi dan setiap upaya untuk mengakses jaringan lokal akan menyebabkan error soket. Jika Anda menggunakan API yang melakukan operasi jaringan lokal di luar proses aplikasi Anda (misalnya: NsdManager), API tersebut tidak akan terpengaruh selama fase keikutsertaan.

Untuk memulihkan akses, Anda harus memberikan izin aplikasi Anda untuk NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Pastikan aplikasi mendeklarasikan izin NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES dalam manifesnya.
2. Buka Setelan > Aplikasi > [Nama Aplikasi] > Izin > Perangkat di sekitar > Izinkan.

Sekarang, akses aplikasi Anda ke jaringan lokal akan dipulihkan dan semua skenario Anda akan berfungsi seperti sebelum mengikutsertakan aplikasi.

Setelah penegakan perlindungan jaringan lokal dimulai, berikut dampak yang akan dialami traffic jaringan aplikasi.

Gunakan perintah berikut untuk menonaktifkan flag App-Compat

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Error

Error yang muncul dari batasan ini akan dikembalikan ke soket panggilan setiap kali soket memanggil send atau varian send ke alamat jaringan lokal.

Contoh error:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Definisi Jaringan Lokal

Jaringan lokal dalam project ini mengacu pada jaringan IP yang menggunakan antarmuka jaringan yang mendukung siaran, seperti Wi-Fi atau Ethernet, tetapi tidak termasuk koneksi seluler (WWAN) atau VPN.

Berikut ini dianggap sebagai jaringan lokal:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Lokal
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Rute yang terhubung langsung
• Jaringan stub seperti Thread
• Beberapa subnet (TBD)

Selain itu, alamat multicast (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) dan alamat siaran IPv4 (255.255.255.255) diklasifikasikan sebagai alamat jaringan lokal.

Foto yang dimiliki aplikasi

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.