フォアグラウンド サービスをユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブに移行する

Android 14 では、アプリがフォアグラウンド サービスを使用できるタイミングに厳格なルールが適用されます。

また、Android 14 では、ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブを必須とすることを指定する新しい API が導入されています。この API は、ユーザーが開始するデータ転送（リモート サーバーからのファイルのダウンロードなど）で、転送に時間がかかることが予想される場合に便利です。こうしたタイプのタスクでは、ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブを使用する必要があります。

ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブは、ユーザーによって開始されます。これらのジョブは通知を必要とし、直ちに開始されるとともに、システム条件が許せば実行時間が延長される可能性があります。ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブは、同時に複数実行できます。

ユーザーが開始するジョブのスケジュールは、アプリがユーザーに表示されている状態（または許可された条件のいずれかで）設定される必要があります。システムの健全性に関わる制約にもよりますが、すべての制約が満たされていれば、ユーザーが開始するジョブは OS で実行できます。また、システムは提供された推定ペイロード サイズを使用して、ジョブの実行にかかる時間を推定することもできます。

ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブの権限

ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブを実行するには、新しい権限 RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS が必要です。この権限は自動的に付与されます。 アプリ マニフェストで権限を宣言しないと、SecurityException がスローされます。

ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブをスケジュールするプロセス

To run a user initiated job, do the following:

  1. If this is your first time declaring an API with JobScheduler, declare the JobService and associated permissions in your manifest. Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

    <service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

    class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

  2. Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in your manifest:

    <manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

  3. Call the new setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. It is also recommended that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job:

    val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder()
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder.build())
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

  4. Schedule the job before the transfer starts, while the application is visible or in the allowed conditions list:

    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
    context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)

  5. When the job is being executed, ensure you call setNotification() on the JobService object. This value is used to make the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area:

    class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
      val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext, NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
              .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
              .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
              .setContentText("Job is running")
              .build()

      setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
              JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
      // Do the job execution.
  }
}

  6. Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

  7. When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブは停止可能

ユーザーとシステムの両方が、ユーザーが開始した転送ジョブを停止できます。

ユーザーがタスク マネージャーから停止

The user can stop a user-initiated data transfer job that appears in the Task Manager.

At the moment that the user presses Stop, the system does the following:

  • Terminates your app's process immediately, including all other jobs or foreground services running.
  • Doesn't call onStopJob() for any running jobs.
  • Prevets user-visible jobs from being rescheduled.

For these reasons, it's recommended to provide controls in the notification posted for the job to allow gracefully stopping and rescheduling the job.

Note that, under special circumstances, the Stop button doesn't appear next to the job in the Task Manager, or the job isn't shown in the Task Manager at all.

システムによる停止

Unlike regular jobs, user-initiated data transfer jobs are unaffected by App Standby Buckets quotas. However, the system still stops the job if any of the following conditions occur:

  • A developer-defined constraint is no longer met.
  • The system determines that the job has run for longer than necessary to complete the data transfer task.
  • The system needs to prioritize system health and stop jobs due to increased thermal state.
  • The app process is killed due to low device memory.

When the job is stopped by the system (not by the low-memory case), the system calls onStopJob(), and the system retries the job at a time that the system deems to be optimal. Check that your app can persist data transfer state, even if onStopJob() isn't called, and that your app can restore this state when onStartJob() is called again.

ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブのスケジュールを設定できる条件

Apps can only start a user-initiated data transfer job if the app is in the visible window, or if the certain conditions are met. To determine when a user-initiated data transfer job can be scheduled, the system applies the same list of conditions that allow apps to start an activity from the background in special cases. Notably, this list of conditions are not the same as the set of exemptions for background-started foreground service restrictions.

The exceptions to the previous statement are the following:

  • If an app can launch activities from the background, they can also launch user-initiated data transfer jobs from the background.
  • If an app has an activity in the back stack of an existing task on the Recents screen, that alone doesn't allow a user-initiated data transfer job to run.

If the job is scheduled at some other time not listed in the allowed conditions list, the job fails and returns a RESULT_FAILURE error code.

ユーザーが開始するデータ転送ジョブで許可される制約

To support jobs running at optimal points, Android offers the ability to assign constraints to each job type. These constraints are already available as of Android 13.

Note: The following table only compares the constraints that vary between each job type. See JobScheduler developer page or work constraints for all constraints.

The following table shows the different job types that support a given job constraint, as well as the set of job constraints that WorkManager supports. Use the search bar before the table to filter the table by the name of a job constraint method.

These are the constraints allowed with user-initiated data transfer jobs:

  • setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
  • setClipData()
  • setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
  • setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
  • setPersisted()
  • setNamespace()
  • setRequiredNetwork()
  • setRequiredNetworkType()
  • setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
  • setRequiresCharging()
  • setRequiresStorageNotLow()

テスト

The following list shows some steps on how to test your app's jobs manually:

  • To get the job ID, get the value that is defined upon the job being built.

  • To run a job immediately, or to retry a stopped job, run the following command in a terminal window:

    adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID

  • To simulate the system force-stopping a job (due to system health or out-of-quota conditions), run the following command in a terminal window:

    adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID