تغييرات السلوك: جميع التطبيقات

يتضمّن نظام التشغيل Android 14 تغييرات في السلوك قد تؤثر في تطبيقك. تنطبق تغييرات السلوك التالية على جميع التطبيقات عند تشغيلها على Android 14، بغض النظر عن targetSdkVersion. يجب اختبار تطبيقك ثم تعديله حسب الحاجة لتفعيل هذه الميزات بشكل صحيح، حيث ينطبق ذلك.

احرص أيضًا على مراجعة قائمة التغييرات في السلوك التي تؤثر فقط في التطبيقات التي تستهدف الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android.

الوظيفة الأساسية

يتم تلقائيًا رفض المنبّهات المحدَّدة الوقت.

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

يتم وضع أحداث البث المسجَّلة في السياق في قائمة الانتظار أثناء وضع التطبيقات في ذاكرة التخزين المؤقت.

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

يمكن للتطبيقات إنهاء عملياتها في الخلفية فقط.

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

يتم ضبط وحدة النقل القصوى على 517 لأول عميل GATT يطلب وحدة النقل القصوى.

اعتبارًا من الإصدار 14 من Android، يلتزم حِزمة Android Bluetooth بشكل أكثر صرامة بالإصدار 5.2 من مواصفات Bluetooth الأساسية ويطلب وحدة النقل القصوى (MTU) لبروتوكول ATT في BLE‏ (البروتوكول الخفيف لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات) لتكون 517 بايت عندما يطلب أول عميل GATT وحدة النقل القصوى باستخدام BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API، ويتجاهل كل طلبات MTU التالية في اتصال ACL هذا.

لحلّ هذه المشكلة وجعل تطبيقك أكثر أمانًا، ننصحك بالاطّلاع على الخطوات التالية:

  • يجب أن يستجيب الجهاز الملحق لطلب وحدة تحكُّم في حدود الجلسة (MTU) من جهاز Android بقيمة معقولة يمكن للجهاز الملحق التعامل معها. ستكون القيمة النهائية التي تم التفاوض عليها الحد الأدنى للقيمة المطلوبة في Android و القيمة المقدَّمة في جهاز التحكّم عن بُعد (على سبيل المثال، min(517, remoteMtu)).
    • قد يتطلّب تطبيق هذا الإصلاح تحديث البرامج الثابتة للجهاز الملحق.
  • بدلاً من ذلك، يمكنك الحد من عمليات الكتابة في سمة GATT استنادًا إلى الحد الأدنى بين القيمة المعروفة المتوافقة للجهاز الطرفي وMTU المستلَم تغيير
    • تذكير بأنّه عليك تقليل 5 بايت من الحجم المسموح به لملف الرؤوس
    • على سبيل المثال: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

سبب جديد لوضع تطبيق في حزمة "الانتظار المحدود"

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock محدودة بـ 64 كيلوبايت

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

يفرض النظام استخدام موارد التطبيقات المخزَّنة مؤقتًا.

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

تجربة المستخدم

تغييرات على تجربة المستخدمين للإشعارات غير القابلة للإغلاق

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

معلومات أمان البيانات أكثر وضوحًا

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

تسهيل الاستخدام

الضبط غير الخطّي لحجم الخط ليصل إلى %200

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

الأمان

الحد الأدنى لمستوى واجهة برمجة التطبيقات المستهدف القابل للتثبيت

Starting with Android 14, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet these minimum target API level requirements improves security and privacy for users.

Malware often targets older API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in newer Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 14 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level will result in an installation failure, with the following message appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 14, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 23 will remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

قد يتم إخفاء أسماء حِزم مالكي الوسائط.

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

  • The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

  • The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.