Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 14 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 14, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya uji aplikasi Anda lalu modifikasi sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung perubahan ini dengan tepat, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14.

Fungsi inti

Menjadwalkan alarm yang tepat ditolak secara default

Exact alarms are meant for user-intentioned notifications, or for actions that need to happen at a precise time. Starting in Android 14, the SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM permission is no longer being pre-granted to most newly installed apps targeting Android 13 and higher—the permission is denied by default.

Learn more about the changes to the permission for scheduling exact alarms.

Siaran yang terdaftar dalam konteks dimasukkan ke dalam antrean saat aplikasi di-cache

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

Aplikasi hanya dapat menghentikan proses latar belakangnya sendiri

Starting in Android 14, when your app calls killBackgroundProcesses(), the API can kill only the background processes of your own app.

If you pass in the package name of another app, this method has no effect on that app's background processes, and the following message appears in Logcat:

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

Your app shouldn't use the killBackgroundProcesses() API or otherwise attempt to influence the process lifecycle of other apps, even on older OS versions. Android is designed to keep cached apps in the background and kill them automatically when the system needs memory. If your app kills other apps unnecessarily, it can reduce system performance and increase battery consumption by requiring full restarts of those apps later, which takes significantly more resources than resuming an existing cached app.

MTU ditetapkan ke 517 untuk klien GATT pertama yang meminta MTU

Mulai Android 14, stack Bluetooth Android lebih mematuhi Spesifikasi Inti Bluetooth Versi 5.2 dan meminta MTU ATT BLE menjadi 517 byte saat klien GATT pertama meminta MTU menggunakan BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API, dan mengabaikan semua permintaan MTU berikutnya pada koneksi ACL tersebut.

Untuk mengatasi perubahan ini dan membuat aplikasi Anda lebih andal, pertimbangkan opsi berikut:

  • Perangkat periferal Anda harus merespons permintaan MTU perangkat Android dengan nilai yang wajar yang dapat diakomodasi oleh periferal. Nilai akhir yang dinegosiasikan akan menjadi minimum dari nilai yang diminta Android dan nilai yang disediakan jarak jauh (misalnya, min(517, remoteMtu))
    • Mengimplementasikan perbaikan ini mungkin memerlukan update firmware untuk periferal
  • Atau, batasi penulisan karakteristik GATT berdasarkan minimum antara nilai periferal yang didukung dan perubahan MTU yang diterima
    • Pengingat bahwa Anda harus mengurangi 5 byte dari ukuran yang didukung untuk header
    • Contoh: arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

Alasan baru aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di bucket standby terbatas

Android 14 introduces a new reason an app can be placed into the restricted standby bucket. The app's jobs trigger ANR errors multiple times due to onStartJob, onStopJob, or onBind method timeouts. (See JobScheduler reinforces callback and network behavior for changes to onStartJob and onStopJob.)

To track whether or not the app has entered the restricted standby bucket, we recommend logging with the API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() on job execution or UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf() on app startup.

mlock dibatasi hingga 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

Sistem menerapkan penggunaan resource aplikasi yang di-cache

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

Pengalaman pengguna

Perubahan pada cara pengguna menerima notifikasi yang tidak dapat ditutup

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

Informasi keamanan data terlihat lebih jelas

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

Aksesibilitas

Penskalaan font non-linear ke 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

Keamanan

API level target minimum yang dapat diinstal

Mulai Android 14, aplikasi dengan targetSdkVersion di bawah 23 tidak dapat diinstal. Mewajibkan aplikasi memenuhi persyaratan API level target minimum akan meningkatkan keamanan dan privasi bagi pengguna.

Malware sering kali menargetkan API level lama untuk mengabaikan perlindungan privasi dan keamanan yang telah diperkenalkan dalam versi Android yang lebih baru. Misalnya, beberapa aplikasi malware menggunakan targetSdkVersion dari 22 agar tidak dikenai model izin runtime yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 2015 oleh Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). Perubahan Android 14 ini mempersulit malware untuk menghindari peningkatan keamanan dan privasi. Mencoba menginstal aplikasi yang menargetkan API level yang lebih rendah akan mengakibatkan kegagalan penginstalan, dengan pesan berikut muncul di Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

Pada perangkat yang diupgrade ke Android 14, aplikasi dengan targetSdkVersion yang lebih rendah dari 23 akan tetap diinstal.

Jika Anda perlu menguji aplikasi yang menargetkan API level lama, gunakan perintah ADB berikut:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Nama paket pemilik media mungkin akan disamarkan

The media store supports queries for the OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME column, which indicates the app that stored a particular media file. Starting in Android 14, this value is redacted unless at least one of the following conditions is true:

  • The app that stored the media file has a package name that is always visible to other apps.

  • The app that queries the media store requests the QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES permission.

Learn more about how Android filters package visibility for privacy purposes.