行為變更：所有應用程式

Android 14 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 14 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援新版本功能。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 14 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更。

核心功能

根據預設，系統會拒絕排定精確鬧鐘

精確鬧鐘是針對使用者需求或需要在確切時間發生的操作所設計的通知。自 Android 14 起，SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM 權限不再預先授予以 Android 13 以上版本為目標所安裝的最新應用程式；該權限依預設為拒絕狀態。

進一步瞭解精準鬧鐘排程權限變更。

在應用程式快取期間，註冊使用情境的廣播訊息會排入佇列

On Android 14, the system can place context-registered broadcasts in a queue while the app is in the cached state. This is similar to the queuing behavior that Android 12 (API level 31) introduced for async binder transactions. Manifest-declared broadcasts aren't queued, and apps are removed from the cached state for broadcast delivery.

When the app leaves the cached state, such as returning to the foreground, the system delivers any queued broadcasts. Multiple instances of certain broadcasts might be merged into one broadcast. Depending on other factors, such as system health, apps might be removed from the cached state, and any previously queued broadcasts are delivered.

應用程式只能終止自己的背景處理程序

自 Android 14 起，當應用程式呼叫 killBackgroundProcesses() 時， API 只能終止您自有應用程式的背景處理程序。

如果傳入其他應用程式的套件名稱，此方法不會 ，而 Logcat 中會顯示以下訊息：

Invalid packageName: com.example.anotherapp

您的應用程式不應使用 killBackgroundProcesses() API，或嘗試影響其他應用程式的處理程序生命週期，即使是在舊版 OS 上也是如此。Android 的設計是為了在背景作業中保留快取的應用程式，並且能夠在系統需要記憶體時自動終止這些應用程式。如果您的應用程式不小心關閉其他應用程式，可能會因為需要在稍後重新啟動這些應用程式 (比起恢復現有已快取的應用程式會耗用更多的資源)，進而降低系統效能並增加電池用量。

針對第一個要求 MTU 的 GATT 用戶端，MTU 會設為 517

自 Android 14 起，Android Bluetooth 堆疊會更嚴格地遵循 Bluetooth Core Specification 5.2 版，並在第一個 GATT 用戶端使用 BluetoothGatt#requestMtu(int) API 要求 MTU 時，要求 BLE ATT MTU 為 517 個位元組，並忽略該 ACL 連線的所有後續 MTU 要求。

如要因應這項變更並讓應用程式更健全，請考慮下列選項：

  • 外接裝置應以外接裝置可容納的合理值回應 Android 裝置的 MTU 要求。最終協商的值會是 Android 要求的值和遠端提供的值 (例如 min(517, remoteMtu)) 的最小值。
    • 實作此修正可能需要周邊裝置的韌體更新
  • 或者，您也可以根據周邊裝置已知支援的值與收到的 MTU 變更值之間的最小值，限制 GATT 特性寫入作業。
    • 提醒您，請將標頭的支援大小減少 5 個位元組
    • 例如：arrayMaxLength = min(SUPPORTED_MTU, GATT_MAX_ATTR_LEN(517)) - 5

應用程式可能排入受限制待命值區的新原因

Android 14 推出了應用程式可放入受限制待命值區的新原因。應用程式的工作因 onStartJob、onStopJob 或 onBind 方法逾時而多次觸發 ANR 錯誤。(如要瞭解 onStartJob 和 onStopJob 的變更，請參閱「JobScheduler 強化回呼和網路行為」)。

如要追蹤應用程式是否已進入受限制的待機區塊，建議您在工作執行時使用 API UsageStatsManager.getAppStandbyBucket() 進行記錄，或在應用程式啟動時使用 UsageStatsManager.queryEventsForSelf()。

mlock 上限為 64 KB

In Android 14 (API level 34) and higher, the platform reduces the maximum memory that can be locked using mlock() to 64 KB per process. In previous versions, the limit was 64 MB per process. This restriction promotes better memory management across apps and the system. To provide more consistency across devices, Android 14 adds a new CTS test for the new mlock() limit on compatible devices.

系統會強制執行快取應用程式的資源用量

By design, an app's process is in a cached state when it's moved to the background and no other app process components are running. Such an app process is subject to being killed due to system memory pressure. Any work that Activity instances perform after the onStop() method has been called and returned, while in this state, is unreliable and strongly discouraged.

Android 14 introduces consistency and enforcement to this design. Shortly after an app process enters a cached state, background work is disallowed, until a process component re-enters an active state of the lifecycle.

Apps that use typical framework-supported lifecycle APIs – such as services, JobScheduler, and Jetpack WorkManager – shouldn't be impacted by these changes.

使用者體驗

關於使用者無法關閉通知的變更

If your app shows non-dismissable foreground notifications to users, Android 14 has changed the behavior to allow users to dismiss such notifications.

This change applies to apps that prevent users from dismissing foreground notifications by setting Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT through Notification.Builder#setOngoing(true) or NotificationCompat.Builder#setOngoing(true). The behavior of FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT has changed to make such notifications actually dismissable by the user.

These kinds of notifications are still non-dismissable in the following conditions:

  • When the phone is locked
  • If the user selects a Clear all notification action (which helps with accidental dismissals)

Also, this new behavior doesn't apply to notifications in the following use cases:

  • CallStyle notifications
  • Device policy controller (DPC) and supporting packages for enterprise
  • Media notifications
  • The default Search Selector package

以更清楚的方式顯示資料安全性資訊

To enhance user privacy, Android 14 increases the number of places where the system shows the information you have declared in the Play Console form. Currently, users can view this information in the Data safety section on your app's listing in Google Play.

We encourage you to review your app's location data sharing policies and take a moment to make any applicable updates to your app's Google Play Data safety section.

Learn more in the guide about how data safety information is more visible on Android 14.

無障礙設定

非線性字型縮放至 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then this change probably won't have a high impact on your app. However, you should perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

安全性

可安裝的目標 API 級別下限

自 Android 14 起，搭載 比 23 低 targetSdkVersion 。要求應用程式符合這些最低目標 API 級別 這些需求能進一步保障使用者的安全和隱私權。

為了規避 Android 較新版本的安全性和隱私權保護措施，惡意軟體通常會鎖定舊版 API 級別。舉例來說，某些惡意軟體應用程式會使用 22 的 targetSdkVersion，以避免受到 Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API 級別 23) 在 2015 年推出的執行階段權限模型。這項 Android 14 變更讓惡意軟體更難躲過安全防護 並改善隱私權 如果要安裝以較低 API 級別為目標的應用程式， 安裝失敗，Logcat 也會顯示以下訊息：

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 23, but found 7

在升級至 Android 14 的裝置上，targetSdkVersion 較低的所有應用程式 仍會保留安裝版本。

如要測試以舊版 API 級別為目標的應用程式，請使用下列 ADB 指令：

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

媒體擁有者的套件名稱可能會被遮蓋

您可以使用媒體儲存區查詢列有儲存特定媒體檔案應用程式的 OWNER_PACKAGE_NAME 資料欄。自 Android 14 版本起，除非符合下列至少一項條件，否則系統將遮蓋此值：

  • 儲存媒體檔案的應用程式會具備一律可由其他應用程式瀏覽的套件名稱。

  • 查詢媒體儲存區的應用程式會要求 QUERY_ALL_PACKAGES 權限。

進一步瞭解 Android 如何篩選套件的瀏覽權限，以保護隱私權。