前台服务类型

从 Android 14（API 级别 34）开始，您必须为每项前台服务声明适当的服务类型。这意味着，除了请求 FOREGROUND_SERVICE 权限之外，您还必须在应用清单中声明服务类型，并请求相应类型的前台服务权限。此外，根据前台服务类型，您可能需要在启动服务之前请求运行时权限。

相机

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under android:foregroundServiceType
camera
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the CAMERA runtime permission

Description

Continue to access the camera from the background, such as video chat apps that allow for multitasking.

连接的设备

要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

说明

与需要蓝牙、NFC、IR、USB 或网络连接的外部设备进行互动。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要持续将数据传输到外部设备，请考虑改用配套设备管理器。使用配套设备在线状态 API 帮助您的应用在配套设备在范围内时保持运行。

如果您的应用需要扫描蓝牙设备，请考虑改用 Bluetooth Scanner API。

数据同步

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Data transfer operations, such as the following:

  • Data upload or download
  • Backup-and-restore operations
  • Import or export operations
  • Fetch data
  • Local file processing
  • Transfer data between a device and the cloud over a network
Alternatives

See Alternatives to data sync foreground services for detailed information.

健康

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
health
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Description

Any long-running use cases to support apps in the fitness category such as exercise trackers.

位置

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
location
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
Runtime prerequisites

The user must have enabled location services and the app must be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:

Description

Long-running use cases that require location access, such as navigation and location sharing.

Alternatives

If your app needs to be triggered when the user reaches specific locations, consider using the geofence API instead.

媒体

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
运行时前提条件
无
说明

在后台继续播放音频或视频。在 Android TV 上支持数字视频录制 (DVR) 功能。

替代方案

如果您要显示画中画视频，请使用画中画模式。

仍在处理中的媒体内容

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProcessing
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Service for performing time-consuming operations on media assets, like converting media to different formats. The system allows this service a limited time to run; under normal circumstances, this time limit would be 6 hours out of every 24. (This limit is shared by all of an app's mediaProcessing foreground services.)

Your app should manually stop the media processing service in the following scenario:

If the timeout period is reached, the system calls the service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), an ANR will occur with this error message: "A foreground service of <fgs_type> did not stop within its timeout: <component_name>".

Note: Service.onTimeout(int, int) is not available on Android 14 or lower. On devices running those versions, if a media processing service reaches the timeout period, the system immediately caches the app. For this reason, your app shouldn't wait to get a timeout notification. Instead, it should terminate the foreground service or change it to a background service as soon as appropriate.

媒体投影

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Runtime prerequisites

Call the createScreenCaptureIntent() method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.

After you have created the foreground service, you can call MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().

Description

Project content to non-primary display or external device using the MediaProjection APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.

Alternatives

To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.

麦克风

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

致电

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
在清单中声明的权限
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

  • 应用是通过 ROLE_DIALER 角色的默认拨号器应用。
说明

使用 ConnectionService API 继续当前通话。

替代方案

如果您需要拨打电话、视频通话或 VoIP 通话，不妨考虑使用 android.telecom 库。

考虑使用 CallScreeningService 来过滤来电。

远程消息传递

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description
Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.

短期服务

要在其清单中声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
在清单中声明的权限
无
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
运行时前提条件
无
说明

快速完成不可中断或推迟的关键工作。

这种类型有一些独特的特征：

  • 只能持续运行一小段时间（大约 3 分钟）。
  • 不支持粘性前台服务。
  • 无法启动其他前台服务。
  • 不需要类型专用权限，不过它仍需要 FOREGROUND_SERVICE 权限。
  • 只有当应用当前有资格启动新的前台服务时，shortService 才能更改为另一种服务类型。
  • 前台服务可以随时将其类型更改为 shortService，届时超时期限将开始。

shortService 的超时时间从调用 Service.startForeground() 开始算起。应用应在发生超时之前调用 Service.stopSelf() 或 Service.stopForeground()。否则，系统会调用新的 Service.onTimeout()，让应用有机会调用 stopSelf() 或 stopForeground() 来停止其服务。

调用 Service.onTimeout() 后的短时间内，应用会进入缓存状态，并且不再被视为处于前台，除非用户正在主动与应用互动。应用缓存一小段时间后，服务还未停止，该应用会收到 ANR 消息。ANR 消息提及 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE。出于这些原因，实现 Service.onTimeout() 回调被视为一种最佳实践。

Android 13 及更低版本中不存在 Service.onTimeout() 回调。如果同一服务在此类设备上运行，则不会出现超时，也不会发生 ANR。确保您的服务在完成处理任务后立即停止，即使它尚未收到 Service.onTimeout() 回调也是如此。

请务必注意，如果未遵循 shortService 的超时设置，即使应用还有其他有效的前台服务或其他应用生命周期进程，应用也会遇到 ANR。

如果应用对用户可见，或满足允许从后台启动前台服务的某一豁免条件，则使用 FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE 参数再次调用 Service.StartForeground() 会将超时时间再延长 3 分钟。如果应用对用户不可见且不满足其中一个豁免条件，则尝试启动其他前台服务（无论其类型如何）都会导致 ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException。

即使用户为您的应用停用电池优化功能，仍然会受到 shortService FGS 的影响。

如果您启动包含 shortService 类型和另一个前台服务类型的前台服务，系统会忽略 shortService 类型声明。不过，该服务仍必须遵守其他声明类型的前提条件。如需了解详情，请参阅前台服务文档。

特殊用途

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

系统豁免

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

如果您的应用以 Android 14 或更高版本为目标平台，您需要在 Play 管理中心的“应用内容”页面（政策 > 应用内容）中声明应用的前台服务类型。如需详细了解如何在 Play 管理中心内声明前台服务类型，请参阅了解前台服务和全屏 intent 要求。