Diensttypen im Vordergrund

Ab Android 14 (API-Ebene 34) müssen Sie für jeden Dienst im Vordergrund einen geeigneten Diensttyp deklarieren. Das bedeutet, dass Sie den Diensttyp in Ihrem App-Manifest deklarieren und die entsprechende Berechtigung für Dienste im Vordergrund für diesen Typ anfordern müssen (zusätzlich zur Anforderung der Berechtigung FOREGROUND_SERVICE). Außerdem müssen Sie je nach Diensttyp möglicherweise Laufzeitberechtigungen anfordern, bevor Sie den Dienst starten.

Kamera

Typ des Diensts im Vordergrund, der im Manifest unter android:foregroundServiceType deklariert werden muss
camera
Berechtigung, die im Manifest deklariert werden muss
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
Konstante, die an startForeground() übergeben werden soll
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
Laufzeitvoraussetzungen

CAMERA-Laufzeitberechtigung anfordern und erhalten

Beschreibung

Zugriff auf die Kamera im Hintergrund ist weiterhin möglich, z. B. über Videoanruf-Apps, die Multitasking zulassen.

Verbundenes Gerät

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

Datensynchronisierung

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Data transfer operations, such as the following:

  • Data upload or download
  • Backup-and-restore operations
  • Import or export operations
  • Fetch data
  • Local file processing
  • Transfer data between a device and the cloud over a network
Alternatives

See Alternatives to data sync foreground services for detailed information.

Zustand

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
health
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Description

Any long-running use cases to support apps in the fitness category such as exercise trackers.

Standort

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
location
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
Runtime prerequisites

The user must have enabled location services and the app must be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:

Description

Long-running use cases that require location access, such as navigation and location sharing.

Alternatives

If your app needs to be triggered when the user reaches specific locations, consider using the geofence API instead.

Medien

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.

Alternatives

If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.

Medien werden verarbeitet.

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProcessing
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROCESSING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Service for performing time-consuming operations on media assets, like converting media to different formats. The system allows this service a limited time to run; under normal circumstances, this time limit would be 6 hours out of every 24. (This limit is shared by all of an app's mediaProcessing foreground services.)

Your app should manually stop the media processing service in the following scenario:

If the timeout period is reached, the system calls the service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), an ANR will occur with this error message: "A foreground service of <fgs_type> did not stop within its timeout: <component_name>".

Note: Service.onTimeout(int, int) is not available on Android 14 or lower. On devices running those versions, if a media processing service reaches the timeout period, the system immediately caches the app. For this reason, your app shouldn't wait to get a timeout notification. Instead, it should terminate the foreground service or change it to a background service as soon as appropriate.

Medienprojektion

Typ des Diensts im Vordergrund, der im Manifest unter
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
Berechtigung, die im Manifest deklariert werden muss
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Konstante, die an startForeground() übergeben werden soll
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Laufzeitvoraussetzungen

Rufen Sie die Methode createScreenCaptureIntent() auf, bevor Sie den Dienst im Vordergrund starten. Dadurch wird dem Nutzer eine Berechtigungsbenachrichtigung angezeigt. Der Nutzer muss die Berechtigung erteilen, bevor Sie den Dienst erstellen können.

Nachdem Sie den Vordergrunddienst erstellt haben, können Sie MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection() aufrufen.

Beschreibung

Übertragung von Inhalten auf nicht primäre Displays oder externe Geräte mit den MediaProjection APIs. Diese Inhalte müssen nicht ausschließlich Medieninhalte sein.

Alternativen

Wenn Sie Medien auf ein anderes Gerät streamen möchten, verwenden Sie das Google Cast SDK.

Mikrofon

Typ des Diensts im Vordergrund, der im Manifest unter
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
Berechtigung, die im Manifest deklariert werden muss
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
Konstante, die an startForeground() übergeben werden soll
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
Laufzeitvoraussetzungen

Fordern Sie die Laufzeitberechtigung RECORD_AUDIO an und erhalten Sie sie.

Beschreibung

Mikrofonaufnahmen im Hintergrund fortsetzen, z. B. bei Sprachrekordern oder Kommunikations-Apps.

Telefonanruf

Typ des Diensts im Vordergrund, der im Manifest unter
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
Berechtigung, die im Manifest deklariert werden muss
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
Konstante, die an startForeground() übergeben werden soll
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
Laufzeitvoraussetzungen

Mindestens eine dieser Bedingungen muss erfüllt sein:

  • Die App hat die Berechtigung MANAGE_OWN_CALLS in ihrer Manifestdatei deklariert.
  • Die App ist die Standard-App fürs Telefonieren über die Rolle ROLE_DIALER.
Beschreibung

Laufende Anrufe mit den ConnectionService-APIs fortsetzen

Alternativen

Wenn Sie Telefon-, Video- oder VoIP-Anrufe tätigen müssen, sollten Sie die android.telecom-Bibliothek verwenden.

Verwenden Sie CallScreeningService, um Anrufe zu filtern.

Remote-Messaging

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description
Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.

Kurzer Service

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
Permission to declare in your manifest
None
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

  • Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
  • No support for sticky foreground services.
  • Cannot start other foreground services.
  • Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
  • A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
  • A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

Spezielle Anwendungsfälle

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

Vom System ausgenommen

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

Durchsetzung der Google Play-Richtlinien für die Verwendung von Diensttypen im Vordergrund

Wenn Ihre App auf Android 14 oder höher ausgerichtet ist, müssen Sie die Typen der Dienste im Vordergrund Ihrer App auf der Seite „App-Inhalte“ in der Play Console (Richtlinie > App-Inhalte) deklarieren. Weitere Informationen dazu, wie Sie die Typen Ihrer Dienste im Vordergrund in der Play Console deklarieren, finden Sie unter Anforderungen für Dienste im Vordergrund und Full-Screen Intents.