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使用者啟動的資料移轉

如要執行可能需要長時間的資料移轉作業，可以建立 JobScheduler 工作，並將其識別為使用者啟動的資料移轉 (UIDT) 工作。UIDT 工作適用於裝置使用者啟動的長時間資料轉移作業，例如從遠端伺服器下載檔案。Android 14 (API 級別 34) 導入了 UIDT 工作。

顧名思義，使用者啟動的資料移轉工作是由使用者所發起的。這類工作會要求傳送通知並且要立即開始執行，如果系統條件允許，還可能會長時間執行。您可以同時執行多項使用者啟動的資料移轉工作。

當使用者具備應用程式的瀏覽權限時 (或符合任一許可條件)，則必須為使用者啟動的工作進行排程。滿足所有限制後，作業系統就能執行使用者啟動的工作，具體情況取決於系統健康狀態限制。此外，系統也能根據所提供的預估酬載大小，判斷執行工作的時間長度。

排定使用者啟動的資料移轉作業

To run a user initiated data-transfer job, do the following:

Make sure your app has declared the JobService and associated permissions in its manifest:

<service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {

    ....

}

Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Call the setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. (This method is available beginning with Android 14.) We also recommend that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job.

Kotlin

val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
        // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
        // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
        // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
              ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
        // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

Java

NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
    // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
    // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
    // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
    // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
    .build();

JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
        new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
    // ...
    .setUserInitiated(true)
    .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
    // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
    .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    // ...
    .build();

While the job is being executed, call setNotification() on the JobService object. Calling setNotification() makes the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area.

When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
        val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                              NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
            .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
            .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
            .setContentText("Job is running")
            .build()

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        scope.launch {
            doDownload(params)
        }
        return true
    }

    private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false)
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    @Override
    public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
        Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                .setContentText("Job is running")
                .build();

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                          JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
        return true;
    }

    private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false);
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    @Override
    public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

Recommendations

To run UIDT jobs effectively, do the following:

Clearly define network constraints and job execution constraints to specify when the job should be executed.
Execute the task asynchronously in onStartJob(); for example, you can do this by using a coroutine. If you don't run the task asynchronously, the work runs on the main thread and might block it, which can cause an ANR.
To avoid running the job longer than necessary, call jobFinished() when the transfer finishes, whether it succeeds or fails. That way, the job doesn't run longer than necessary. To discover why a job was stopped, implement the onStopJob() callback method and call JobParameters.getStopReason().

回溯相容性

目前沒有支援 UIDT 作業的 Jetpack 程式庫。因此，建議您使用程式碼控管變更，確認您是在 Android 14 以上版本上執行作業。在較舊的 Android 版本中，您可以使用 WorkManager 的前景服務實作做為備用方法。

以下是檢查適當系統版本的程式碼範例：

Kotlin

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Java

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

停止 UIDT 工作

使用者和系統均可停止由使用者啟動的移轉作業。

由工作管理員的使用者執行

使用者可以停止在工作管理員中顯示的使用者啟動資料移轉作業。

當使用者按下「停止」時，系統會執行以下操作：

立即終止應用程式的處理程序，包括所有其他執行中的工作或前景服務。
不會針對任何執行中的工作呼叫 onStopJob()。
防止使用者開放瀏覽權限的工作重新排程。

基於上述理由，建議您針對工作發布的通知中提供控制項，以便有條理地停止工作並重新排程。

請注意，在特殊情況下，工作管理員中所列的工作旁不會顯示「停止」按鈕，抑或工作完全沒有顯示在工作管理員中。

由系統執行

Unlike regular jobs, user-initiated data transfer jobs are unaffected by App Standby Buckets quotas. However, the system still stops the job if any of the following conditions occur:

A developer-defined constraint is no longer met.
The system determines that the job has run for longer than necessary to complete the data transfer task.
The system needs to prioritize system health and stop jobs due to increased thermal state.
The app process is killed due to low device memory.

When the job is stopped by the system for reasons other than low device memory, the system calls onStopJob(), and the system retries the job at a time that the system deems to be optimal. Make sure that your app can persist the data transfer state even if onStopJob() isn't called, and that your app can restore this state when onStartJob() is called again.

可對使用者啟動的資料移轉作業進行排程的情況

應用程式必須在開放瀏覽權限的視窗中，或符合特定條件時，才能夠啟動使用者啟動的資料移轉作業：

如果應用程式可以從背景啟動活動，則也將可以從背景啟動使用者啟動的資料移轉作業。
如果應用程式只是在「近期活動」畫面的現有工作中，存在返回堆疊活動，則無法使系統允許執行使用者啟動的資料移轉作業。

如果排定在未滿足必要條件的時間執行作業，作業將會失敗，並傳回 RESULT_FAILURE 錯誤代碼。