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نقل البيانات الذي يبدأه المستخدم

إذا كنت بحاجة إلى تنفيذ عملية نقل بيانات قد تستغرق وقتًا طويلاً، يمكنك إنشاء مهمة JobScheduler وتحديدها على أنّها مهمة نقل بيانات ينفّذها المستخدم (UIDT). تم تصميم مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم لعمليات نقل البيانات التي تستغرق وقتًا أطول والتي يبدأها مستخدم الجهاز، مثل تنزيل ملف من خادم بعيد. تم طرح مهام UIDT مع نظام التشغيل Android 14 (المستوى 34 لواجهة برمجة التطبيقات).

يبدأ المستخدم مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم. تتطلّب هذه المهام إرسال إشعار، وتبدأ على الفور، وقد تستمر لفترة طويلة من الوقت حسب ما تسمح به ظروف النظام. يمكنك تشغيل عدّة مهام نقل بيانات بدأها المستخدمون في الوقت نفسه.

يجب جدولة المهام التي يبدأها المستخدم أثناء عرض التطبيق للمستخدم (أو في إحدى الحالات المسموح بها). بعد استيفاء جميع القيود، يمكن لنظام التشغيل تنفيذ المهام التي يبدأها المستخدم، مع مراعاة القيود المتعلقة بسلامة النظام. قد يستخدم النظام أيضًا حجم الحمولة المقدَّر المقدَّم لتحديد مدة تنفيذ المهمة.

جدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

To run a user initiated data-transfer job, do the following:

Make sure your app has declared the JobService and associated permissions in its manifest:

<service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {

    ....

}

Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Call the setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. (This method is available beginning with Android 14.) We also recommend that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job.

Kotlin

val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
        // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
        // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
        // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
              ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
        // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

Java

NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
    // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
    // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
    // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
    // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
    .build();

JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
        new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
    // ...
    .setUserInitiated(true)
    .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
    // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
    .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    // ...
    .build();

While the job is being executed, call setNotification() on the JobService object. Calling setNotification() makes the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area.

When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
        val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                              NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
            .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
            .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
            .setContentText("Job is running")
            .build()

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        scope.launch {
            doDownload(params)
        }
        return true
    }

    private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false)
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    @Override
    public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
        Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                .setContentText("Job is running")
                .build();

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                          JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
        return true;
    }

    private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false);
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    @Override
    public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

Recommendations

To run UIDT jobs effectively, do the following:

Clearly define network constraints and job execution constraints to specify when the job should be executed.
Execute the task asynchronously in onStartJob(); for example, you can do this by using a coroutine. If you don't run the task asynchronously, the work runs on the main thread and might block it, which can cause an ANR.
To avoid running the job longer than necessary, call jobFinished() when the transfer finishes, whether it succeeds or fails. That way, the job doesn't run longer than necessary. To discover why a job was stopped, implement the onStopJob() callback method and call JobParameters.getStopReason().

التوافق مع الإصدارات السابقة

لا تتوفّر حاليًا أي مكتبة Jetpack تتوافق مع مهام UIDT. لهذا السبب، ننصحك بحصر التغيير على التعليمات البرمجية التي تتحقّق من أنّك تستخدم الإصدار 14 من نظام التشغيل Android أو الإصدارات الأحدث. في إصدارات Android الأقدم، يمكنك استخدام تنفيذ الخدمة التي تعمل في المقدّمة في WorkManager كحلّ احتياطي.

في ما يلي مثال على رمز يتحقّق من إصدار النظام المناسب:

Kotlin

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Java

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

إيقاف مهام UIDT

Both the user and the system can stop user-initiated transfer jobs.

من قِبل المستخدم، من "إدارة المهام"

The user can stop a user-initiated data transfer job that appears in the Task Manager.

At the moment that the user presses Stop, the system does the following:

Terminates your app's process immediately, including all other jobs or foreground services running.
Doesn't call onStopJob() for any running jobs.
Prevents user-visible jobs from being rescheduled.

For these reasons, it's recommended to provide controls in the notification posted for the job to allow gracefully stopping and rescheduling the job.

Note that, under special circumstances, the Stop button doesn't appear next to the job in the Task Manager, or the job isn't shown in the Task Manager at all.

من خلال النظام

Unlike regular jobs, user-initiated data transfer jobs are unaffected by App Standby Buckets quotas. However, the system still stops the job if any of the following conditions occur:

A developer-defined constraint is no longer met.
The system determines that the job has run for longer than necessary to complete the data transfer task.
The system needs to prioritize system health and stop jobs due to increased thermal state.
The app process is killed due to low device memory.

When the job is stopped by the system for reasons other than low device memory, the system calls onStopJob(), and the system retries the job at a time that the system deems to be optimal. Make sure that your app can persist the data transfer state even if onStopJob() isn't called, and that your app can restore this state when onStartJob() is called again.

الشروط المسموح بها لجدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

Apps can only start a user-initiated data transfer job if the app is in the visible window, or if certain conditions are met:

If an app can launch activities from the background, it can also launch user-initiated data transfer jobs from the background.
If an app has an activity in the back stack of an existing task on the Recents screen, that alone doesn't allow a user-initiated data transfer job to run.

If the job is scheduled to run at a time when the necessary conditions are not met, the job fails and returns a RESULT_FAILURE error code.

القيود المسموح بها لمهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

To support jobs running at optimal points, Android offers the ability to assign constraints to each job type. These constraints are available as of Android 13.

Note: The following table only compares the constraints that vary between each job type. See JobScheduler developer page or work constraints for all constraints.

The following table shows the different job types that support a given job constraint, as well as the set of job constraints that WorkManager supports. Use the search bar before the table to filter the table by the name of a job constraint method.

These are the constraints allowed with user-initiated data transfer jobs:

setBackoffCriteria(JobInfo.BACKOFF_POLICY_EXPONENTIAL)
setClipData()
setEstimatedNetworkBytes()
setMinimumNetworkChunkBytes()
setPersisted()
setNamespace()
setRequiredNetwork()
setRequiredNetworkType()
setRequiresBatteryNotLow()
setRequiresCharging()
setRequiresStorageNotLow()

الاختبار

The following list shows some steps on how to test your app's jobs manually:

To get the job ID, get the value that is defined upon the job being built.
To run a job immediately, or to retry a stopped job, run the following command in a terminal window:
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler run -f APP_PACKAGE_NAME JOB_ID
```
To simulate the system force-stopping a job (due to system health or out-of-quota conditions), run the following command in a terminal window:
```
adb shell cmd jobscheduler timeout TEST_APP_PACKAGE TEST_JOB_ID
```

انظر أيضًا

مراجع إضافية

لمزيد من المعلومات حول عمليات نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم، يُرجى الاطّلاع على المراجع الإضافية التالية:

دراسة حالة حول دمج UIDT: حسّنت "خرائط Google" موثوقية التنزيل بنسبة% 10 باستخدام واجهة برمجة التطبيقات لنقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

نقل البيانات الذي يبدأه المستخدم تنظيم صفحاتك في مجموعات يمكنك حفظ المحتوى وتصنيفه حسب إعداداتك المفضّلة.

جدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Kotlin

Java

Recommendations

التوافق مع الإصدارات السابقة

Kotlin

Java

إيقاف مهام UIDT

من قِبل المستخدم، من "إدارة المهام"

من خلال النظام

الشروط المسموح بها لجدولة مهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

القيود المسموح بها لمهام نقل البيانات التي يبدأها المستخدم

الاختبار

انظر أيضًا

مراجع إضافية

نقل البيانات الذي يبدأه المستخدم