Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 16 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16 atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 16 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini, jika berlaku.
Pastikan Anda juga meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 16, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion
aplikasi Anda.
Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem
Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.
Penghapusan opsi tidak menggunakan layar penuh
Android 15 menerapkan tampilan layar penuh untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (level API 35), tetapi aplikasi Anda dapat memilih untuk tidak menggunakan tampilan layar penuh dengan menyetel
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
ke true
. Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16 (level API 36),
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
tidak digunakan lagi dan dinonaktifkan, dan
aplikasi Anda tidak dapat memilih untuk tidak ditampilkan di layar penuh.
- Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 16 (level API 36) dan berjalan di perangkat Android 15,
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
akan terus berfungsi. - Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 16 (level API 36) dan berjalan di
perangkat Android 16,
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
dinonaktifkan.
Untuk pengujian di Android 16, pastikan aplikasi Anda mendukung layar penuh dan
hapus penggunaan R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
agar aplikasi Anda
juga mendukung layar penuh di perangkat Android 15. Untuk mendukung tampilan layar penuh, lihat panduan Compose dan Tampilan.
Migrasi atau penonaktifan diperlukan untuk kembali prediktif
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an
Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations
(back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default.
Additionally, onBackPressed
is not called and
KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK
is not dispatched anymore.
If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive
back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or
temporarily opt out by setting the
android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback
attribute to false
in the
<application>
or <activity>
tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml
file.
API font elegan tidak digunakan lagi dan dinonaktifkan
Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (level API 35) memiliki atribut
elegantTextHeight
TextView
yang ditetapkan ke true
secara
default, menggantikan font ringkas dengan font yang jauh lebih mudah dibaca. Anda dapat mengganti perilaku ini dengan menyetel atribut elegantTextHeight
ke false
.
Android 16 menghentikan penggunaan atribut
elegantTextHeight
,
dan atribut akan diabaikan setelah aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 16. "Font UI" yang dikontrol oleh API ini akan dihentikan, jadi Anda harus menyesuaikan tata letak apa pun untuk memastikan rendering teks yang konsisten dan siap untuk masa mendatang dalam bahasa Arab, Laos, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu, atau Thai.

elegantTextHeight
untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android
14 (level API 34) dan yang lebih rendah, atau untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (level API 35)
yang mengganti default dengan menyetel atribut elegantTextHeight
ke false
.
elegantTextHeight
untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android
16 (level API 36), atau untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (level API 35) yang tidak
mengganti default dengan menyetel atribut elegantTextHeight
ke false
.Fungsi inti
Android 16 (level API 36) mencakup perubahan berikut yang mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.
Pengoptimalan penjadwalan kerja tarif tetap
Sebelum menargetkan Android 16, saat scheduleAtFixedRate
melewatkan eksekusi tugas karena berada di luar
siklus proses yang valid, semua eksekusi yang terlewat akan segera
dijalankan saat aplikasi kembali ke siklus proses yang valid.
Saat menargetkan Android 16, maksimal satu eksekusi yang terlewat dari
scheduleAtFixedRate
akan langsung dieksekusi saat aplikasi
kembali ke siklus proses yang valid. Perubahan perilaku ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan performa
aplikasi. Uji perilaku ini di aplikasi Anda untuk memeriksa apakah aplikasi Anda terpengaruh.
Anda juga dapat menguji dengan menggunakan framework kompatibilitas aplikasi
dan mengaktifkan flag kompatibilitas STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS
.
Faktor bentuk perangkat
Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut untuk aplikasi saat ditampilkan di perangkat layar besar.
Tata letak adaptif
With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.
Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.
This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.
You can also test this behavior by using the
app compatibility framework and
enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT
compat flag.
Common breaking changes
Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.
Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.
Implementation details
The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:
screenOrientation
resizableActivity
minAspectRatio
maxAspectRatio
setRequestedOrientation()
getRequestedOrientation()
The following values for screenOrientation
, setRequestedOrientation()
, and
getRequestedOrientation()
are ignored:
portrait
reversePortrait
sensorPortrait
userPortrait
landscape
reverseLandscape
sensorLandscape
userLandscape
Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false"
,
android:minAspectRatio
, and android:maxAspectRatio
have no effect.
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).
Exceptions
The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:
- Games (based on the
android:appCategory
flag) - Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
- Screens that are smaller than
sw600dp
Opt out temporarily
To opt out a specific activity, declare the
PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY
manifest property:
<activity ...>
<property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
...
</activity>
If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:
<application ...>
<property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>
Kesehatan dan kebugaran
Android 16 (level API 36) mencakup perubahan berikut terkait data kesehatan dan kebugaran.
Izin kesehatan dan kebugaran
Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16 (level API 36) atau yang lebih tinggi, izin
BODY_SENSORS
menggunakan izin yang lebih terperinci
di android.permissions.health
, yang juga digunakan oleh Health Connect. Mulai Android 16, setiap API yang sebelumnya memerlukan BODY_SENSORS
atau BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND
memerlukan izin android.permissions.health
yang sesuai. Hal ini memengaruhi jenis data, API, dan jenis layanan latar depan berikut:
HEART_RATE_BPM
dari Layanan Kesehatan di Wear OSSensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE
dari Android Sensor ManagerheartRateAccuracy
danheartRateBpm
dariProtoLayout
di Wear OSFOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
jika izinandroid.permission.health
yang sesuai diperlukan sebagai penggantiBODY_SENSORS
Jika aplikasi Anda menggunakan API ini, aplikasi tersebut harus meminta izin terperinci yang sesuai:
- Untuk pemantauan Detak Jantung, SpO2, atau Suhu Kulit saat digunakan:
minta izin terperinci di
android.permissions.health
, sepertiREAD_HEART_RATE
, bukanBODY_SENSORS
. - Untuk akses sensor latar belakang: minta
READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND
, bukanBODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND
.
Izin ini sama dengan izin yang melindungi akses untuk membaca data dari Health Connect, penyimpanan data Android untuk data kesehatan, kebugaran, dan kebugaran.
Aplikasi seluler
Aplikasi seluler yang bermigrasi untuk menggunakan READ_HEART_RATE
dan izin
terperinci lainnya juga harus mendeklarasikan aktivitas untuk menampilkan
kebijakan privasi aplikasi. Persyaratan ini sama dengan Health Connect.
Konektivitas
Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut dalam stack Bluetooth untuk meningkatkan konektivitas dengan perangkat periferal.
Maksud baru untuk menangani hilangnya koneksi dan perubahan enkripsi
Sebagai bagian dari Peningkatan penanganan kehilangan ikatan, Android 16 juga memperkenalkan 2 intent baru untuk memberi aplikasi kesadaran yang lebih besar tentang kehilangan ikatan dan perubahan enkripsi.
Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16 kini dapat:
- Menerima intent
ACTION_KEY_MISSING
saat kehilangan ikatan jarak jauh terdeteksi, sehingga memungkinkannya memberikan masukan pengguna yang lebih informatif dan mengambil tindakan yang sesuai. - Menerima intent
ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE
setiap kali status enkripsi link berubah. Hal ini mencakup perubahan status enkripsi, perubahan algoritma enkripsi, dan perubahan ukuran kunci enkripsi. Aplikasi harus mempertimbangkan pengikatan yang dipulihkan jika link berhasil dienkripsi setelah menerima intentACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE
nanti.
Beradaptasi dengan berbagai implementasi OEM
Meskipun Android 16 memperkenalkan intent baru ini, penerapan dan siarannya dapat bervariasi di berbagai produsen perangkat (OEM). Untuk memastikan aplikasi Anda memberikan pengalaman yang konsisten dan andal di semua perangkat, developer harus mendesain penanganan kehilangan ikatan untuk beradaptasi dengan baik dengan potensi variasi ini.
Sebaiknya gunakan perilaku aplikasi berikut:
Jika intent
ACTION_KEY_MISSING
disiarkan:Link ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) akan terputus oleh sistem, tetapi informasi ikatan untuk perangkat akan dipertahankan (seperti yang dijelaskan di sini).
Aplikasi Anda harus menggunakan intent ini sebagai sinyal utama untuk deteksi hilangnya ikatan dan memandu pengguna untuk mengonfirmasi bahwa perangkat jarak jauh berada dalam jangkauan sebelum memulai penghapusan perangkat atau penyambungan ulang.
Jika perangkat terputus setelah
ACTION_KEY_MISSING
diterima, aplikasi Anda harus berhati-hati saat menghubungkan kembali, karena perangkat mungkin tidak lagi terikat dengan sistem.Jika intent
ACTION_KEY_MISSING
TIDAK disiarkan:Link ACL akan tetap terhubung, dan informasi ikatan untuk perangkat akan dihapus oleh sistem, sama dengan perilaku di Android 15.
Dalam skenario ini, aplikasi Anda harus melanjutkan mekanisme penanganan hilangnya obligasi yang ada seperti pada rilis Android sebelumnya, untuk mendeteksi dan mengelola peristiwa hilangnya obligasi.
Cara baru untuk menghapus koneksi bluetooth
All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a
public API in CompanionDeviceManager
. If a companion device is
being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger
bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int)
API
on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by
listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event
ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED
.
Keamanan
Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan keamanan berikut.
Penguncian versi MediaStore
For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion()
will now
be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version
string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't
make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already
handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to
change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer
additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.
Intent yang Lebih Aman
The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.
In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.
Two key changes are being implemented:
Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.
Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.
These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.
Impact
The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:
- Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
- Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.
This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.
While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.
The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.
However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.
Implementation
Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the
intentMatchingFlags
attribute in their app manifest.
Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app,
but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:
<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
<receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
</intent-filter>
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
</application>
More on the supported flags:
Flag Name | Description |
---|---|
enforceIntentFilter | Enforces stricter matching for incoming intents |
none | Disables all special matching rules for incoming intents. When specifying multiple flags, conflicting values are resolved by giving precedence to the "none" flag |
allowNullAction | Relaxes the matching rules to allow intents without an action to match. This flag to be used in conjunction with "enforceIntentFilter" to achieve a specific behavior |
Testing and Debugging
When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent
caller has properly populated the intent.
However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like
"Intent does not match component's intent filter:"
and "Access blocked:"
with the tag "PackageManager."
This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires
attention.
Logcat filter:
tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")
Privasi
Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan privasi berikut.
Izin Jaringan Lokal
Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET
permission.
This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy
implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for
location.
The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.
Release plan
This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.
Impact
At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.
Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:
- Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
- Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)
Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:
App Low Level Network Operation | Local Network Permission Required |
---|---|
Making an outgoing TCP connection | yes |
Accepting incoming TCP connections | yes |
Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast | yes |
Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast | yes |
These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.
Exceptions to the rules above:
- If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
- Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).
Developer Guidance (Opt-in)
To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:
- Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
- Install the app to be tested.
Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:
adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
Reboot The device
Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.
To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES
.
- Ensure the app declares the
NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES
permission in its manifest. - Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.
Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.
Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.
Permission | Outbound LAN Request | Outbound/Inbound Internet Request | Inbound LAN Request |
---|---|---|---|
Granted | Works | Works | Works |
Not Granted | Fails | Works | Fails |
Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag
adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
Errors
Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.
Example errors:
sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)
sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)
Local Network Definition
A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.
The following are considered local networks:
IPv4:
- 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
- 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
- 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
- 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
- 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918
IPv6:
- Link-local
- Directly-connected routes
- Stub networks like Thread
- Multiple-subnets (TBD)
Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.
Foto yang dimiliki aplikasi
Saat diminta untuk memberikan izin foto dan video oleh aplikasi yang menargetkan SDK 36 atau yang lebih tinggi di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 16 atau yang lebih tinggi, pengguna yang memilih untuk membatasi akses ke media yang dipilih akan melihat foto apa pun yang dimiliki oleh aplikasi yang telah dipilih sebelumnya di pemilih foto. Pengguna dapat membatalkan pilihan salah satu item yang telah dipilih sebelumnya, yang akan mencabut akses aplikasi ke foto dan video tersebut.