Android 14 為開發人員推出了強大的功能和 API。以下資訊可協助您瞭解應用程式功能,並開始使用相關的 API。
如需新增、修改及移除 API 的詳細清單,請參閱 API 差異比較表。如要進一步瞭解新增的 API,請參閱 Android API 參考資料。如果是 Android 14,請找出 API 級別 34 中新增的 API。如要瞭解平台變更可能對應用程式造成的影響,請務必查看指定 Android 14 的應用程式和所有應用程式 的 Android 14 行為變更。
國際化
個別應用程式語言偏好
Android 14 則進一步擴充 Android 13 (API 級別 33) 所推出的個別應用程式語言功能,並提供下列額外功能:
自動產生應用程式的
localeConfig
:自 Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 和 AGP 8.1.0-alpha07 起,您可以將應用程式設為自動支援個別應用程式語言偏好設定。Android Gradle 外掛程式會根據您的專案資源產生LocaleConfig
檔案,並在最終資訊清單檔案中加入該檔案的參照,為您省去手動建立或更新檔案的需求。AGP 會使用應用程式模組res
資料夾中的資源和任何程式庫模組依附元件,決定要納入LocaleConfig
檔案的語言代碼。應用程式的
localeConfig
動態更新:在LocaleManager
中使用setOverrideLocaleConfig()
和getOverrideLocaleConfig()
方法,可在裝置的系統設定中動態更新應用程式支援的語言清單。如果應用程式使用伺服器端推送進行本地化,則可利用此彈性自訂各區域的支援語言清單、執行 A/B 實驗,或提供更新的語言代碼清單。輸入法編輯器 (IME) 的應用程式語言瀏覽權限:輸入法編輯器可透過
getApplicationLocales()
方法檢查目前應用程式的語言,並和輸入法編輯器的語言進行比對。
文法轉變 API
30 億人使用性別化語言:即名詞、動詞、形容詞和介系詞會隨著交談或談論對像或目標的性別,而有不同變化的文法類別語言。一般來說,許多性別化語言都會使用陽性文法性別做為預設或通用性別。
若以錯誤的文法性別稱呼使用者,例如:以陽性文法性別稱呼女性,可能會對其表現和態度產生負面影響。相反地,如果使用者介面的用語正確反映了使用者的文法性別,便可提高使用者參與度,同時提供更個人化且更自然親切的使用者體驗。
為了協助你針對使用文法性別的語言,建構以使用者為中心的使用者介面,Android 14 採用了文法轉變 API,可讓你新增對文法性別的支援,而不必重構應用程式。
地區偏好設定
Regional preferences enable users to personalize temperature units, the first day of the week, and numbering systems. A European living in the United States might prefer temperature units to be in Celsius rather than Fahrenheit and for apps to treat Monday as the beginning of the week instead of the US default of Sunday.
New Android Settings menus for these preferences provide users with a
discoverable and centralized location to change app preferences. These
preferences also persist through backup and restore. Several APIs and
intents—such as
getTemperatureUnit
and
getFirstDayOfWeek
—
grant your app read access to user preferences, so your app can adjust how it
displays information. You can also register a
BroadcastReceiver
on
ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED
to handle locale configuration changes when regional preferences change.
To find these settings, open the Settings app and navigate to System > Languages & input > Regional preferences.
無障礙設定
非線性字型縮放至 200%
自 Android 14 起,系統將支援高達 200% 的字型縮放功能,為低視能使用者提供符合無障礙網頁內容規範 (WCAG)的額外無障礙選項。
為避免畫面上的大型文字元素縮放過大,系統會套用非線性縮放曲線。套用此縮放策略後,大型文字的縮放比例會和小型文字的縮放比例有所區別。非線性字型縮放有助於保留不同大小元素之間的比例階層,同時減少高度線性文字縮放的問題 (例如文字遭到截斷,或因顯示大小過大而難以閱讀的文字)。
使用非線性字型縮放測試應用程式
如果您已使用縮放像素 (sp) 單位來定義文字大小,這些額外選項和縮放改善功能會自動套用至應用程式中的文字。不過,您仍應執行 UI 測試,並將字型大小上限設為啟用 (200%),以確保應用程式能正確套用字型大小,而且能在不影響可用性的情況下容納較大的字型大小。
如要啟用 200% 的字型大小,請按照下列步驟進行:
- 開啟「設定」應用程式,然後依序前往「無障礙中心」>「顯示大小與文字」。
- 在「字型大小」選項中,輕觸加號 (+) 圖示,直到達字型大小上限為止,如本節隨附的圖片所示。
使用經過調整像素 (sp) 的單位處理文字大小
請記得一律以 sp 單位指定文字大小。如果您的應用程式使用 sp 單位,Android 可套用使用者偏好的文字大小,並適當縮放。
請勿使用 sp 單位做為邊框間距,或是假定檢視畫面高度,並假設有隱性邊框間距:使用非線性字型縮放 sp 尺寸可能不是比例,因此 4sp + 20sp 不一定會等於 24sp。
轉換經過調整像素 (sp) 的單位
使用 TypedValue.applyDimension()
將 sp 單位轉換為像素,並使用 TypedValue.deriveDimension()
將像素轉換為 sp。這些方法會自動套用適當的非線性縮放曲線。
避免使用硬式編碼方程式使用 Configuration.fontScale
或 DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity
。由於字型縮放功能為非線性方式,因此 scaledDensity
欄位已變得不準確。fontScale
欄位應僅用於提供資訊,因為字型不再需要以單一純量值縮放字型。
使用 sp 單位做為 lineHeight
請一律使用 sp 單位 (而非 dp) 定義 android:lineHeight
,讓行高會隨著文字縮放。否則,如果文字是 sp,但 lineHeight
是以 dp 或 px 為單位,則無法縮放,看起來會遭到破壞。TextView 會自動修正 lineHeight
,以便保留預期的比例,但前提是 textSize
和 lineHeight
都已在 sp 單位中定義。
相機和媒體
圖片的 Ultra HDR
Android 14 adds support for High Dynamic Range (HDR) images that retain more of the information from the sensor when taking a photo, which enables vibrant colors and greater contrast. Android uses the Ultra HDR format, which is fully backward compatible with JPEG images, allowing apps to seamlessly interoperate with HDR images, displaying them in Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) as needed.
Rendering these images in the UI in HDR is done automatically by the framework
when your app opts in to using HDR UI for its Activity Window, either through a
manifest entry or at runtime by calling
Window.setColorMode()
. You can also capture compressed Ultra
HDR still images on supported devices. With more colors recovered
from the sensor, editing in post can be more flexible. The
Gainmap
associated with Ultra HDR images can be used to render
them using OpenGL or Vulkan.
相機擴充功能中的縮放、聚焦、後視鏡等功能
Android 14 upgrades and improves camera extensions, allowing apps to handle longer processing times, which enables improved images using compute-intensive algorithms like low-light photography on supported devices. These features give users an even more robust experience when using camera extension capabilities. Examples of these improvements include:
- Dynamic still capture processing latency estimation provides much more
accurate still capture latency estimates based on the current scene and
environment conditions. Call
CameraExtensionSession.getRealtimeStillCaptureLatency()
to get aStillCaptureLatency
object that has two latency estimation methods. ThegetCaptureLatency()
method returns the estimated latency betweenonCaptureStarted
andonCaptureProcessStarted()
, and thegetProcessingLatency()
method returns the estimated latency betweenonCaptureProcessStarted()
and the final processed frame being available. - Support for capture progress callbacks so that apps can display the current
progress of long-running, still-capture processing operations. You can check
if this feature is available with
CameraExtensionCharacteristics.isCaptureProcessProgressAvailable
, and if it is, you implement theonCaptureProcessProgressed()
callback, which has the progress (from 0 to 100) passed in as a parameter. Extension specific metadata, such as
CaptureRequest.EXTENSION_STRENGTH
for dialing in the amount of an extension effect, such as the amount of background blur withEXTENSION_BOKEH
.Postview Feature for Still Capture in camera extensions, which provides a less-processed image more quickly than the final image. If an extension has increased processing latency, a postview image could be provided as a placeholder to improve UX and switched out later for the final image. You can check if this feature is available with
CameraExtensionCharacteristics.isPostviewAvailable
. Then you can pass anOutputConfiguration
toExtensionSessionConfiguration.setPostviewOutputConfiguration
.Support for
SurfaceView
allowing for a more optimized and power-efficient preview render path.Support for tap to focus and zoom during extension usage.
感應器內縮放
When REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE
in
CameraCharacteristics
contains
SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW
, your app
can use advanced sensor capabilities to give a cropped RAW stream the same
pixels as the full field of view by using a CaptureRequest
with a RAW target that has stream use case set to
CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW
.
By implementing the request override controls, the updated camera gives users
zoom control even before other camera controls are ready.
無損 USB 音訊
透過 USB 有線耳機,Android 14 可支援無失真音訊格式,打造具有卓越音質的體驗。您可以查詢 USB 裝置來取得其偏好的混合器屬性、註冊事件監聽器以變更偏好的混合器屬性,並使用 AudioMixerAttributes
類別設定混合器屬性。這個類別代表格式,例如聲道遮罩、取樣率及混音器的行為。這個類別可讓音訊直接傳送,而不會混合、音量調整或處理效果。
開發人員工作效率和工具
Credential Manager
Android 14 adds Credential Manager as a platform API, with additional support back to Android 4.4 (API level 19) devices through a Jetpack Library using Google Play services. Credential Manager aims to make sign-in easier for users with APIs that retrieve and store credentials with user-configured credential providers. Credential Manager supports multiple sign-in methods, including username and password, passkeys, and federated sign-in solutions (such as Sign-in with Google) in a single API.
Passkeys provide many advantages. For example, passkeys are built on industry standards, can work across different operating systems and browser ecosystems, and can be used with both websites and apps.
For more information, see the Credential Manager and passkeys documentation and the blogpost about Credential Manager and passkeys.
Health Connect
Health Connect is an on-device repository for user health and fitness data. It allows users to share data between their favorite apps, with a single place to control what data they want to share with these apps.
On devices running Android versions prior to Android 14, Health Connect is available to download as an app on the Google Play store. Starting with Android 14, Health Connect is part of the platform and receives updates through Google Play system updates without requiring a separate download. With this, Health Connect can be updated frequently, and your apps can rely on Health Connect being available on devices running Android 14 or higher. Users can access Health Connect from the Settings in their device, with privacy controls integrated into the system settings.
Health Connect includes several new features in Android 14, such as exercise routes, allowing users to share a route of their workout which can be visualized on a map. A route is defined as a list of locations saved within a window of time, and your app can insert routes into exercise sessions, tying them together. To ensure that users have complete control over this sensitive data, users must allow sharing individual routes with other apps.
For more information, see the Health Connection documentation and the blogpost on What's new in Android Health.
OpenJDK 17 更新
Android 14 持續更新 Android 核心程式庫,以便與最新版 OpenJDK LTS 中的功能保持一致,其中包括程式庫更新以及應用程式與平台開發人員的 Java 17 語言支援。
新功能和改善項目如下:
- 已將約 300 個
java.base
類別更新至可支援 Java 17。 - 文字模塊為 Java 程式設計語言推出多行字串常值。
- instanceof 的模式比對可讓您在
instanceof
中,不需要使用其他變數,即可將物件視為具有特定類型處理。 - 密封類別可讓您限制可進行擴充或實作的類別與介面。
進行 Google Play 系統更新 (Mainline 計畫) 之後,超過 6 億部裝置將可收到包含這些變更的最新 Android 執行階段 (ART) 更新。這是我們承諾的一部分,讓應用程式在各種裝置上都能夠擁有更一致、安全的環境,同時為各平台版本的使用者提供新的功能與能力。
Java 和 OpenJDK 是 Oracle 和/或其關係企業的商標或註冊商標。
應用程式商店改善項目
Android 14 introduces several PackageInstaller
APIs that
allow app stores to improve their user experience.
Request install approval before downloading
Installing or updating an app might require user approval.
For example, when an installer making use of the
REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES
permission attempts to install a
new app. In prior Android versions, app stores can only request user approval
after APKs are written to the install session and the
session is committed.
Starting with Android 14, the requestUserPreapproval()
method lets installers request user approval before committing the install
session. This improvement lets an app store defer downloading any APKs until
after the installation has been approved by the user. Furthermore, once a user
has approved installation, the app store can download and install the app in the
background without interrupting the user.
Claim responsibility for future updates
The setRequestUpdateOwnership()
method allows an installer
to indicate to the system that it intends to be responsible for future updates
to an app it is installing. This capability enables update ownership
enforcement, meaning that only the update owner is permitted
to install automatic updates to the app. Update ownership enforcement helps to
ensure that users receive updates only from the expected app store.
Any other installer, including those making use of the
INSTALL_PACKAGES
permission, must receive explicit user
approval in order to install an update. If a user decides to proceed with an
update from another source, update ownership is lost.
Update apps at less-disruptive times
App stores typically want to avoid updating an app that is actively in use because this leads to the app's running processes being killed, which potentially interrupts what the user was doing.
Starting with Android 14, the InstallConstraints
API
gives installers a way to ensure that their app updates happen at an opportune
moment. For example, an app store can call the
commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet()
method to
make sure that an update is only committed when the user is no longer
interacting with the app in question.
Seamlessly install optional splits
With split APKs, features of an app can be delivered in separate APK files,
rather than as a monolithic APK. Split APKs allow app stores to optimize the
delivery of different app components. For example, app stores might optimize
based on the properties of the target device. The
PackageInstaller
API has supported splits since its
introduction in API level 22.
In Android 14, the setDontKillApp()
method allows an
installer to indicate that the app's running processes shouldn't be killed when
new splits are installed. App stores can use this feature to seamlessly install
new features of an app while the user is using the app.
應用程式中繼資料套件
從 Android 14 開始,Android 套件安裝程式可讓您指定應用程式中繼資料 (例如資料安全性做法),以加入 Google Play 等應用程式商店頁面。
在使用者擷取裝置螢幕畫面時偵測
為建立更標準化的螢幕截圖偵測體驗,Android 14 推出了具隱私保護功能的螢幕截圖偵測 API。此 API 可讓應用程式依個別活動登錄回呼。當使用者在具備瀏覽權限的活動中拍攝螢幕截圖時,系統會叫用這些回呼,並傳送通知給使用者。
使用者體驗
Sharesheet 自訂動作與改善排名
Android 14 會更新系統 Sharesheet,以支援自訂應用程式動作,使用者也能取得更豐富的預覽結果。
新增自訂動作
在 Android 14 中,應用程式 將自訂動作新增至系統 Sharesheet。
改善直接分享目標的排名
Android 14 會使用更多應用程式信號,決定直接造訪網頁 共用目標,為使用者提供更實用的結果。 如要提供最實用的排名信號,請遵循 改善直接分享目標的排名。 通訊應用程式也可以回報以下項目的捷徑使用情形: 才是成功關鍵
支援預測返回功能的內建和自訂動畫
Android 13 introduced the predictive back-to-home animation behind a developer option. When used in a supported app with the developer option enabled, swiping back shows an animation indicating that the back gesture exits the app back to the home screen.
Android 14 includes multiple improvements and new guidance for Predictive Back:
- You can set
android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback=true
to opt in to predictive back system animations per-Activity instead of for the entire app. - We've added new system animations to accompany the back-to-home animation from Android 13. The new system animations are cross-activity and cross-task, which you get automatically after migrating to Predictive Back.
- We've added new Material Component animations for Bottom sheets, Side sheets, and Search.
- We've created design guidance for creating custom in-app animations and transitions.
- We've added new APIs to support custom in-app transition animations:
handleOnBackStarted
,handleOnBackProgressed
,handleOnBackCancelled
in
OnBackPressedCallback
onBackStarted
,onBackProgressed
,onBackCancelled
in
OnBackAnimationCallback
- Use
overrideActivityTransition
instead ofoverridePendingTransition
for transitions that respond as the user swipes back.
With this Android 14 preview release, all features of Predictive Back remain behind a developer option. See the developer guide to migrate your app to predictive back, as well as the developer guide to creating custom in-app transitions.
大螢幕裝置製造商個別應用程式覆寫值
個別應用程式覆寫值可讓裝置製造商變更大螢幕裝置上的應用程式行為。舉例來說,即使應用程式資訊清單中已設定 resizeableActivity="false"
,FORCE_RESIZE_APP
覆寫值仍會指示系統根據螢幕尺寸調整應用程式大小 (避免大小相容性模式)。
覆寫設定的用意是改善大螢幕的使用者體驗。
新的資訊清單屬性可讓您為應用程式停用部分裝置製造商覆寫值。
大螢幕使用者個別應用程式覆寫值
個別應用程式覆寫值會變更應用程式在大螢幕裝置上的行為。舉例來說,無論應用程式設定為何,OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE
裝置製造商覆寫值都會將應用程式顯示比例設為 16:9。
Android 14 QPR1 可讓使用者在大螢幕裝置上提供新的設定選單,藉此套用個別應用程式的覆寫值。
分享應用程式畫面
應用程式分享螢幕畫面功能可讓使用者在錄製螢幕畫面時,分享應用程式視窗,而非整個裝置螢幕畫面。
應用程式分享螢幕畫面時,狀態列、導覽列、通知和其他系統 UI 元素都不會在共用螢幕上排除。系統只會分享所選應用程式的內容。
應用程式分享螢幕畫面功能可讓使用者執行多個應用程式,但只分享單一應用程式的內容,藉此提高工作效率和隱私權。
在 Pixel 8 Pro 上使用 LLM 技術支援的 Gboard 智慧回覆功能
在搭載 12 月功能推送的 Pixel 8 Pro 裝置上,開發人員可以在 Gboard 中試用透過 Google Tensor 執行的大型語言模型 (LLM) 智慧回覆功能。
這項功能提供英文 (美國) 版的 WhatsApp、Line 和 KakaoTalk 試用版。你必須使用搭載 Gboard 的 Pixel 8 Pro 裝置做為鍵盤。
如要試用,請先依序前往「Settings」>「Developer Options」>「AiCore Settings」>「Enable Aicore Persistent」啟用這項功能。
接著,在支援的應用程式中開啟對話,即可在 Gboard 的建議列中,查看以 LLM 技術為基礎的智慧回覆功能,回覆收到的訊息。
圖形
路徑可供查詢及內插
Android 的 Path
API 是一種強大且靈活的機制,可用於建立和算繪向量圖形,並具有描邊或填入路徑、從線段或二次方或三次方曲線建構路徑、執行布林運算以取得更複雜的形狀,或同時執行所有這些操作的功能。但有一個限制,就是無法找出路徑物件中的實際內容;物件的內部部分在建立後,無法明確顯示於呼叫端。
如要建立 Path
,您必須呼叫 moveTo()
、lineTo()
和 cubicTo()
等方法,以便新增路徑區隔。不過,您無法透過對該路徑提出詢問以瞭解確切的區隔,因此必須在建立時保留該資訊。
自 Android 14 起,您便可查詢路徑,找出其中的內容。首先,您需要使用 Path.getPathIterator
API 取得 PathIterator
物件:
Kotlin
val path = Path().apply { moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f) lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f) close() } val pathIterator = path.pathIterator
Java
Path path = new Path(); path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F); path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F); path.close(); PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();
接下來,您可以呼叫 PathIterator
逐一疊代區隔,並擷取每個區隔的所有必要資料。本範例使用封裝資料的 PathIterator.Segment
物件:
Kotlin
for (segment in pathIterator) { println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}") }
Java
while (pathIterator.hasNext()) { PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next(); Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints()); }
PathIterator
也提供 next()
的非分配式版本,可供您傳入緩衝區,以便保留單點資料。
內插類型是查詢 Path
資料的重要用途之一。例如,您可能想要在兩個不同路徑之間建立動畫 (或 變形)。為進一步簡化該使用情境,Android 14 也在 Path
中加入 interpolate()
方法。假設兩個路徑具有相同的內部結構,interpolate()
方法會使用該內插結果建立新的 Path
。此範例會傳回形狀介於 path
和 otherPath
之間半行 (0 .5 的線性內插) 的路徑:
Kotlin
val interpolatedResult = Path() if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) { path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult) }
Java
Path interpolatedResult = new Path(); if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) { path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult); }
Jetpack graphics-path 程式庫也會為舊版 Android 啟用類似的 API。
使用頂點和片段著色器的自訂網格
Android 一直支援繪製自訂陰影的三角形網格,但輸入網格格式已限制為一些預先定義的屬性組合。Android 14 新增對自訂網格的支援,可定義為三角形或三角形條紋,並且可選擇/建立索引。這些網格會指定,其中包含自訂屬性、頂點跨距、變化,以及使用 AGSL 編寫的頂點和片段著色器。
頂點著色器會定義位置和顏色等不同項目,片段著色器則可選擇性定義像素顏色,通常是使用頂點著色器建立的不同項目。如果片段著色器提供顏色,則該顏色會與目前的 Paint
顏色混合,並採用繪製網格時選取的混合模式。「統一樣式」可傳遞至片段和頂點著色器,以提高彈性。
適用於 Canvas 的硬體緩衝區轉譯器
為協助使用 Android 的 Canvas
API 以硬體加速繪製至 HardwareBuffer
,Android 14 推出了 HardwareBufferRenderer
。如果您的用途涉及透過 SurfaceControl
與系統合成器通訊,以便繪製低延遲畫面,這個 API 就特別實用。