必須提供前景服務類型

To help developers be more intentional with defining user-facing foreground services, Android 10 introduced the android:foregroundServiceType attribute within the <service> element.

If your app targets Android 14, it must specify appropriate foreground service types. As in previous versions of Android, multiple types can be combined. This list shows the foreground service types to choose from:

• camera
• connectedDevice
• dataSync
• health
• location
• mediaPlayback
• mediaProjection
• microphone
• phoneCall
• remoteMessaging
• shortService
• specialUse
• systemExempted

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, we strongly recommend that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

The health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse, and systemExempted types are new in Android 14.

The following code snippet provides an example of a foreground service type declaration in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

If an app that targets Android 14 doesn't define types for a given service in the manifest, then the system will raise MissingForegroundServiceTypeException upon calling startForeground() for that service.

宣告使用前景服務類型的新權限

If apps that target Android 14 use a foreground service, they must declare a specific permission, based on the foreground service type, that Android 14 introduces. These permissions appear in the sections labeled "permission that you must declare in your manifest file" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

All of the permissions are defined as normal permissions and are granted by default. Users cannot revoke these permissions.

在執行階段加入前景服務類型

啟動前景服務應用程式的最佳做法是使用 startForeground() 的 ServiceCompat 版本 (適用於 androidx-core 1.12 以上版本)，在此版本中，您會傳入以位元為單位的前景服務類型整數。您可以選擇傳送一或多個類型值。

一般而言，您只需要宣告特定用途所需的類型。這樣可更容易達成系統對每個前景服務類型的預期要求。如果前景服務是透過多種類型啟動，則前景服務必須遵循所有類型的平台強制執行要求。

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

如未在呼叫中指定前景服務類型，則該類型會預設為資訊清單中所定義的值。如果您未在資訊清單中指定服務類型，系統會擲回 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

如果前景服務在啟動後需要新權限，您應再次呼叫 startForeground() 並新增服務類型。舉例來說，假設健身應用程式執行跑步追蹤服務，該服務一律需要 location 資訊，但可能需要或不需要 media 權限。您必須在資訊清單中宣告 location 和 mediaPlayback。如果使用者開始跑步，且只希望追蹤其位置，應用程式應呼叫 startForeground()，並僅傳遞 location 服務類型。接著，如果使用者想開始播放音訊，請再次呼叫 startForeground() 並傳遞 location|mediaPlayback。

系統執行階段檢查

The system checks for proper use of foreground service types and confirms that the app has requested the proper runtime permissions or uses the required APIs. For instance, the system expects apps that use the foreground service type FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION type to request either ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION.

This implies that apps must follow a very specific order of operations when requesting permissions from the user and starting foreground services. Permissions must be requested and granted before the app attempts to call startForeground(). Apps that request the appropriate permissions after the foreground service has been started must change this order of operations and request the permission before starting the foreground service.

The specifics of platform enforcement appear in the sections labeled "runtime requirements" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

各種前景服務類型的預期用途與違規處置

您必須在資訊清單檔案中宣告特定權限，並滿足特定執行階段要求，而且應用程式必須滿足該類型預期用途的其中一項，才能使用特定的前景服務類型。以下各節說明您必須宣告的權限、執行階段先決條件，以及各個類型的預期用途。

相機

要在 android:foregroundServiceType 下於資訊清單中宣告的前景服務類型

camera

在資訊清單中宣告的權限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA

要傳遞至 startForeground() 的常數

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA

執行階段必要條件

要求並獲得 CAMERA 執行階段權限

注意：CAMERA 執行階段權限會受到使用期間限制。因此，您無法在應用程式處於背景執行時建立 camera 前景服務，但有少數例外情況。詳情請參閱「啟動需要使用中權限的前景服務的限制」。

說明

繼續在背景存取相機，例如：支援多工處理的視訊通訊應用程式。

已連結的裝置

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

connectedDevice

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

• Declare at least one of the following permissions in your manifest:

  • CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE
  • CHANGE_WIFI_STATE
  • CHANGE_WIFI_MULTICAST_STATE
  • NFC
  • TRANSMIT_IR

• Request and be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:

  • BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
  • BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE
  • BLUETOOTH_SCAN
  • UWB_RANGING

• Call UsbManager.requestPermission()

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

同步處理資料

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

dataSync

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Data transfer operations, such as the following:

• Data upload or download
• Backup-and-restore operations
• Import or export operations
• Fetch data
• Local file processing
• Transfer data between a device and the cloud over a network

Alternatives

See Alternatives to data sync foreground services for detailed information.

健康度

要在資訊清單中宣告的前景服務類型

android:foregroundServiceType

health

在資訊清單中宣告的權限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH

要傳遞至 startForeground() 的常數

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH

執行階段必要條件

至少必須符合下列其中一項條件：

• 在資訊清單中宣告 HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS 權限。

• 至少要求下列其中一項執行階段權限，並獲得授予：

  • API 級別 35 以下的 BODY_SENSORS
  • READ_HEART_RATE
  • READ_SKIN_TEMPERATURE
  • READ_OXYGEN_SATURATION
  • ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION

注意：BODY_SENSORS 和感應器的 READ 執行階段權限會受到使用期間限制。因此，除非您已獲得 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND (API 級別 33 至 35) 或 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND (API 級別 36 以上) 權限，否則無法在應用程式處於背景執行時，建立使用身體感應器的 health 前景服務。詳情請參閱「啟動需要使用中權限的前景服務的限制」。

說明

在健身類別中，任何用於支援應用程式的長時間執行用途，例如：運動追蹤器。

位置

要在下列資訊清單中宣告的前景服務類型

android:foregroundServiceType

location

在資訊清單中宣告的權限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION

要傳遞至 startForeground() 的常數

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION

執行階段必要條件

使用者必須已啟用定位服務，且應用程式必須獲得下列至少一項執行階段權限：

• ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION
• ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION

注意：如要確認使用者已啟用位置服務，並授予執行階段權限存取權，請使用 PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

注意：位置資訊執行階段權限適用於使用期間的限制。因此，除非您已獲得 ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION 執行階段權限，否則無法在應用程式處於背景執行時建立 location 前景服務。詳情請參閱「啟動需要使用中權限的前景服務的限制」。

說明

需要位置資訊存取權的長時間執行使用案例，如：導航和位置分享。

替代選項

如果應用程式需要在使用者抵達特定地點時觸發，建議改用 地理圍欄 API。

媒體

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

mediaPlayback

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Continue audio or video playback from the background. Support Digital Video Recording (DVR) functionality on Android TV.

Alternatives

If you're showing picture-in-picture video, use Picture-in-Picture mode.

媒體投影

要在下列資訊清單中宣告的前景服務類型

android:foregroundServiceType

mediaProjection

在資訊清單中宣告的權限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION

要傳遞至 startForeground() 的常數

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION

執行階段必要條件

請先呼叫 createScreenCaptureIntent() 方法，再啟動前景服務。這麼做會向使用者顯示權限通知，使用者必須授予權限，您才能建立服務。

建立前景服務後，您可以呼叫 MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection()。

說明

使用 MediaProjection API 將內容投放到非主要螢幕或外部裝置。此類內容不侷限於媒體內容。

替代選項

如要將媒體串流至其他裝置，請使用 Google Cast SDK。

麥克風

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

microphone

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE

Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Note: The RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a microphone foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

語音通話

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

phoneCall

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

• App has declared the MANAGE_OWN_CALLS permission in its manifest file.

• App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.

Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

遠端通訊

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

remoteMessaging

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Transfer text messages from one device to another. Assists with continuity of a user's messaging tasks when they switch devices.

短程服務

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

shortService

Permission to declare in your manifest

None

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

• Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
• No support for sticky foreground services.
• Cannot start other foreground services.
• Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
• A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
• A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

特殊用途

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

specialUse

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

不受規範的系統

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

systemExempted

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Device is in demo mode state
• App is a Device Owner
• App is a Profiler Owner
• Safety Apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
• Device Admin apps
• Apps holding SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM or USE_EXACT_ALARM permission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms.

• VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)

  Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.

Google Play 對於使用前景服務類型的政策違規處置

如果應用程式指定 Android 14 以上版本為目標，您就需要在 Play 管理中心的「應用程式內容」頁面 (依序點選「政策」>「應用程式內容」) 中，聲明所使用的任何前景服務類型。如要進一步瞭解如何在 Play 管理中心聲明前景服務類型，請參閱「瞭解前景服務和全螢幕意圖規定」。