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Trasferisci dati BLE

Dopo aver connesso a un BLE GATT server web, puoi utilizzare la connessione per scoprire quali servizi sono disponibili sul dispositivo, eseguire query sui dati dal dispositivo e richiedere notifiche quando una determinata caratteristica del GATT modifiche.

Scopri i servizi

La prima cosa da fare dopo esserti connesso al server GATT sul dispositivo BLE è per eseguire il Service Discovery. che fornisce informazioni sui servizi disponibili sul dispositivo remoto, nonché le caratteristiche del servizio e le relative descrittori. Nell'esempio seguente, una volta che il servizio si connette correttamente il dispositivo (indicato dalla chiamata appropriata al onConnectionStateChange() funzione del BluetoothGattCallback), il discoverServices() interroga i dati del dispositivo BLE.

Il servizio deve eseguire l'override onServicesDiscovered() nel BluetoothGattCallback. Questa funzione viene chiamata quando il dispositivo segnala i servizi disponibili.

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

private val bluetoothGattCallback = object : BluetoothGattCallback() {
    override fun onConnectionStateChange(gatt: BluetoothGatt?, status: Int, newState: Int) {
        if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {
            // successfully connected to the GATT Server
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED)
            connectionState = STATE_CONNECTED
            // Attempts to discover services after successful connection.
            bluetoothGatt?.discoverServices()
        } else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {
            // disconnected from the GATT Server
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED)
            connectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED
        }
    }

    override fun onServicesDiscovered(gatt: BluetoothGatt?, status: Int) {
        if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED)
        } else {
            Log.w(BluetoothLeService.TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: $status")
        }
    }
}

...

companion object {
  const val ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED = "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED"
  const val ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED =
              "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED"
  const val ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED =
              "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED"

  private const val STATE_DISCONNECTED = 0
  private const val STATE_CONNECTED = 2
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

    public final static String ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED =
            "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED";

    ...

    private final BluetoothGattCallback bluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {
        @Override
        public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {
            if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {
                // successfully connected to the GATT Server
                connectionState = STATE_CONNECTED;
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED);
                // Attempts to discover services after successful connection.
                bluetoothGatt.discoverServices();
            } else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {
                // disconnected from the GATT Server
                connectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
            if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);
            } else {
                Log.w(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: " + status);
            }
        }
    };
}

Il servizio utilizza le trasmissioni per informare il attività. Una volta rilevati i servizi, il servizio può chiamare Da getServices() a ottenere i dati del report.

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

  fun getSupportedGattServices(): List<BluetoothGattService?>? {
      return bluetoothGatt?.services
  }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    public List<BluetoothGattService> getSupportedGattServices() {
        if (bluetoothGatt == null) return null;
        return bluetoothGatt.getServices();
    }
}

L'attività può quindi chiamare questa funzione quando riceve l'intent di broadcast, a indicare che il rilevamento dei servizi è terminato.

Kotlin

class DeviceControlActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

...

    private val gattUpdateReceiver: BroadcastReceiver = object : BroadcastReceiver() {
        override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
            when (intent.action) {
                BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED -> {
                    connected = true
                    updateConnectionState(R.string.connected)
                }
                BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED -> {
                    connected = false
                    updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected)
                        }
                BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED -> {
                    // Show all the supported services and characteristics on the user interface.
                    displayGattServices(bluetoothService?.getSupportedGattServices())
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Java

class DeviceControlsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

...

    private final BroadcastReceiver gattUpdateReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
        @Override
        public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
            final String action = intent.getAction();
            if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED.equals(action)) {
                connected = true;
                updateConnectionState(R.string.connected);
            } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED.equals(action)) {
                connected = false;
                updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected);
            } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) {
                // Show all the supported services and characteristics on the user interface.
                displayGattServices(bluetoothService.getSupportedGattServices());
            }
        }
    };
}

Leggi le caratteristiche della tecnologia BLE

Una volta che l'app si è connessa a un server GATT e rileva i servizi, può leggere e scrivere attributi, se supportati. Ad esempio, lo snippet esegue l'iterazione attraverso i servizi e le caratteristiche del server e visualizza che puoi visualizzare nell'interfaccia utente:

Kotlin

class DeviceControlActivity : Activity() {

    // Demonstrates how to iterate through the supported GATT
    // Services/Characteristics.
    // In this sample, we populate the data structure that is bound to the
    // ExpandableListView on the UI.
    private fun displayGattServices(gattServices: List<BluetoothGattService>?) {
        if (gattServices == null) return
        var uuid: String?
        val unknownServiceString: String = resources.getString(R.string.unknown_service)
        val unknownCharaString: String = resources.getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic)
        val gattServiceData: MutableList<HashMap<String, String>> = mutableListOf()
        val gattCharacteristicData: MutableList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> =
                mutableListOf()
        mGattCharacteristics = mutableListOf()

        // Loops through available GATT Services.
        gattServices.forEach { gattService ->
            val currentServiceData = HashMap<String, String>()
            uuid = gattService.uuid.toString()
            currentServiceData[LIST_NAME] = SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString)
            currentServiceData[LIST_UUID] = uuid
            gattServiceData += currentServiceData

            val gattCharacteristicGroupData: ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> = arrayListOf()
            val gattCharacteristics = gattService.characteristics
            val charas: MutableList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> = mutableListOf()

            // Loops through available Characteristics.
            gattCharacteristics.forEach { gattCharacteristic ->
                charas += gattCharacteristic
                val currentCharaData: HashMap<String, String> = hashMapOf()
                uuid = gattCharacteristic.uuid.toString()
                currentCharaData[LIST_NAME] = SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid, unknownCharaString)
                currentCharaData[LIST_UUID] = uuid
                gattCharacteristicGroupData += currentCharaData
            }
            mGattCharacteristics += charas
            gattCharacteristicData += gattCharacteristicGroupData
        }
    }
}

Java

public class DeviceControlActivity extends Activity {
    ...
    // Demonstrates how to iterate through the supported GATT
    // Services/Characteristics.
    // In this sample, we populate the data structure that is bound to the
    // ExpandableListView on the UI.
    private void displayGattServices(List<BluetoothGattService> gattServices) {
        if (gattServices == null) return;
        String uuid = null;
        String unknownServiceString = getResources().
                getString(R.string.unknown_service);
        String unknownCharaString = getResources().
                getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic);
        ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattServiceData =
                new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
        ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> gattCharacteristicData
                = new ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>>();
        mGattCharacteristics =
                new ArrayList<ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>>();

        // Loops through available GATT Services.
        for (BluetoothGattService gattService : gattServices) {
            HashMap<String, String> currentServiceData =
                    new HashMap<String, String>();
            uuid = gattService.getUuid().toString();
            currentServiceData.put(
                    LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.
                            lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString));
            currentServiceData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
            gattServiceData.add(currentServiceData);

            ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattCharacteristicGroupData =
                    new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
            List<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> gattCharacteristics =
                    gattService.getCharacteristics();
            ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> charas =
                    new ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>();
           // Loops through available Characteristics.
            for (BluetoothGattCharacteristic gattCharacteristic :
                    gattCharacteristics) {
                charas.add(gattCharacteristic);
                HashMap<String, String> currentCharaData =
                        new HashMap<String, String>();
                uuid = gattCharacteristic.getUuid().toString();
                currentCharaData.put(
                        LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid,
                                unknownCharaString));
                currentCharaData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
                gattCharacteristicGroupData.add(currentCharaData);
            }
            mGattCharacteristics.add(charas);
            gattCharacteristicData.add(gattCharacteristicGroupData);
         }
    ...
    }
...
}

Il servizio GATT fornisce un elenco di caratteristiche che puoi leggere nel dispositivo. Per eseguire query sui dati, richiama il metodo readCharacteristic() nella funzione BluetoothGatt, che supera BluetoothGattCharacteristic che vuoi leggere.

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    fun readCharacteristic(characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic) {
        bluetoothGatt?.let { gatt ->
            gatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic)
        } ?: run {
            Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized")
            Return
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    public void readCharacteristic(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
        if (bluetoothGatt == null) {
            Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized");
            return;
        }
        bluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic);
    }
}

In questo esempio, il servizio implementa una funzione per chiamare readCharacteristic() Questa è una chiamata asincrona. I risultati vengono inviati BluetoothGattCallback funzione onCharacteristicRead().

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    private val bluetoothGattCallback = object : BluetoothGattCallback() {

        ...

        override fun onCharacteristicRead(
            gatt: BluetoothGatt,
            characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic,
            status: Int
            ) {
                if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic)
            }
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    private final BluetoothGattCallback bluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {

    ...

        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicRead(
        BluetoothGatt gatt,
        BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic,
        int status
        ) {
            if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
            }
        }
    };
}

Quando viene attivato un determinato callback, questo richiama il broadcastUpdate() metodo helper e passa un'azione. Tieni presente che i dati l'analisi in questa sezione viene eseguita in base al Bluetooth Specifiche del profilo di misurazione.

Kotlin

private fun broadcastUpdate(action: String, characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic) {
    val intent = Intent(action)

    // This is special handling for the Heart Rate Measurement profile. Data
    // parsing is carried out as per profile specifications.
    when (characteristic.uuid) {
        UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT -> {
            val flag = characteristic.properties
            val format = when (flag and 0x01) {
                0x01 -> {
                    Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.")
                    BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16
                }
                else -> {
                    Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.")
                    BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8
                }
            }
            val heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1)
            Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received heart rate: %d", heartRate))
            intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, (heartRate).toString())
        }
        else -> {
            // For all other profiles, writes the data formatted in HEX.
            val data: ByteArray? = characteristic.value
            if (data?.isNotEmpty() == true) {
                val hexString: String = data.joinToString(separator = " ") {
                    String.format("%02X", it)
                }
                intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, "$data\n$hexString")
            }
        }
    }
    sendBroadcast(intent)
}

Java

private void broadcastUpdate(final String action,
                             final BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
    final Intent intent = new Intent(action);

    // This is special handling for the Heart Rate Measurement profile. Data
    // parsing is carried out as per profile specifications.
    if (UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT.equals(characteristic.getUuid())) {
        int flag = characteristic.getProperties();
        int format = -1;
        if ((flag & 0x01) != 0) {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.");
        } else {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.");
        }
        final int heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1);
        Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received heart rate: %d", heartRate));
        intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, String.valueOf(heartRate));
    } else {
        // For all other profiles, writes the data formatted in HEX.
        final byte[] data = characteristic.getValue();
        if (data != null && data.length > 0) {
            final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(data.length);
            for(byte byteChar : data)
                stringBuilder.append(String.format("%02X ", byteChar));
            intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, new String(data) + "\n" +
                    stringBuilder.toString());
        }
    }
    sendBroadcast(intent);
}

Ricevere notifiche GATT

È normale che le app BLE chiedano di ricevere notifiche quando una determinata caratteristica modifiche sul dispositivo. Nell'esempio seguente, il servizio implementa una per chiamare la funzione setCharacteristicNotification() :

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    fun setCharacteristicNotification(
    characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic,
    enabled: Boolean
    ) {
        bluetoothGatt?.let { gatt ->
        gatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enabled)

        // This is specific to Heart Rate Measurement.
        if (BluetoothLeService.UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT == characteristic.uuid) {
            val descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor(UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIG))
            descriptor.value = BluetoothGattDescriptor.ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE
            gatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor)
        }
        } ?: run {
            Log.w(BluetoothLeService.TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized")
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    public void setCharacteristicNotification(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic,boolean enabled) {
        if (bluetoothGatt == null) {
            Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized");
            Return;
        }
        bluetoothGatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enabled);

        // This is specific to Heart Rate Measurement.
        if (UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT.equals(characteristic.getUuid())) {
            BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor(UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIG));
            descriptor.setValue(BluetoothGattDescriptor.ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE);
            bluetoothGatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor);
        }
    }
}

Una volta attivate le notifiche per una caratteristica, viene onCharacteristicChanged() la richiamata viene attivata se la caratteristica cambia sul dispositivo remoto:

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    private val bluetoothGattCallback = object : BluetoothGattCallback() {
        ...

        override fun onCharacteristicChanged(
        gatt: BluetoothGatt,
        characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic
        ) {
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic)
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    private final BluetoothGattCallback bluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {
    ...

        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicChanged(
        BluetoothGatt gatt,
        BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic
        ) {
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
        }
    };
}