Cambios en el comportamiento: apps orientadas a Android 16 o versiones posteriores

Al igual que las versiones anteriores, Android 16 incluye cambios de comportamiento que podrían afectar tu app. Los siguientes cambios se aplican exclusivamente a las apps que tienen como objetivo Android 16 o versiones posteriores. Si tu app está orientada a Android 16 o versiones posteriores, debes modificarla para que admita estos comportamientos, cuando corresponda.

Asegúrate de revisar también la lista de cambios en el comportamiento que afectan a todas las apps que se ejecutan en Android 16, independientemente de targetSdkVersion de tu app.

Experiencia del usuario y la IU del sistema

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que tienen como objetivo crear una experiencia del usuario más coherente e intuitiva.

Desaparecerá la opción de inhabilitar el formato de borde a borde

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

Se requiere la migración o la exclusión para el gesto atrás predictivo

En el caso de las apps que se segmentan para Android 16 (nivel de API 36) o versiones posteriores y que se ejecutan en un dispositivo con Android 16 o una versión posterior, las animaciones del sistema de atrás predictivo (volver a la pantalla principal, entre tareas y entre actividades) están habilitadas de forma predeterminada. Además, no se llama a onBackPressed y ya no se envía KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK.

Si tu app intercepta el evento de atrás y aún no migraste al gesto atrás predictivo, actualiza tu app para que use las APIs de navegación hacia atrás compatibles o inhabilita temporalmente la función configurando el atributo android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback como false en la etiqueta <application> o <activity> del archivo AndroidManifest.xml de tu app.

Las APIs de fuentes elegantes dejaron de estar disponibles y se inhabilitaron

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

Funcionalidad principal

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios que modifican o expanden varias capacidades principales del sistema Android.

Optimización de la programación de trabajo con tarifa fija

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

Factores de forma del dispositivo

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios para las apps cuando se muestran en dispositivos de pantalla grande.

Diseños adaptables

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions no longer apply on displays with smallest width >= 600dp. Apps fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability. Make your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

Salud y fitness

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios relacionados con los datos de actividad física y salud.

Permisos de salud y estado físico

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

Conectividad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios en la pila de Bluetooth para mejorar la conectividad con dispositivos periféricos.

Nuevos intents para controlar la pérdida de vinculación y los cambios en la encriptación

Como parte de la manejo mejorado de la pérdida de vínculo, Android 16 también presenta 2 intents nuevos para proporcionar a las apps una mayor conciencia de la pérdida de vínculo y los cambios de encriptación.

Las apps orientadas a Android 16 ahora pueden hacer lo siguiente:

• Recibir un intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING cuando se detecta la pérdida de la vinculación remota, lo que les permite proporcionar comentarios más informativos a los usuarios y tomar las medidas adecuadas
• Recibir un intent ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE cada vez que cambie el estado de encriptación del vínculo Esto incluye el cambio de estado de encriptación, el cambio de algoritmo de encriptación y el cambio de tamaño de la clave de encriptación. Las apps deben considerar que la vinculación se restableció si el vínculo se encripta correctamente cuando se recibe el intent ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE más adelante.

Adaptación a diferentes implementaciones de OEM

Si bien Android 16 presenta estos intents nuevos, su implementación y transmisión pueden variar según los diferentes fabricantes de dispositivos (OEM). Para garantizar que tu app proporcione una experiencia coherente y confiable en todos los dispositivos, los desarrolladores deben diseñar su control de pérdida de vínculo para que se adapte de forma fluida a estas posibles variaciones.

Recomendamos los siguientes comportamientos de las apps:

• Si se transmite el intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING, sucede lo siguiente:

  El sistema desconectará el vínculo de ACL (conexión asíncrona sin conexión), pero se conservará la información de vinculación del dispositivo (como se describe aquí).

  Tu app debe usar este intent como el indicador principal para la detección de pérdida de vinculación y guiar al usuario para que confirme que el dispositivo remoto está dentro del alcance antes de iniciar el olvido del dispositivo o la vinculación nuevamente.

  Si un dispositivo se desconecta después de recibir ACTION_KEY_MISSING, tu app debe tener cuidado al volver a conectarse, ya que es posible que el dispositivo ya no esté vinculado con el sistema.

• Si NO se transmite el intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING, haz lo siguiente:

  El vínculo de ACL permanecerá conectado, y el sistema quitará la información de vinculación del dispositivo, al igual que en Android 15.

  En esta situación, tu app debe continuar con sus mecanismos existentes de control de pérdida de vinculación, como en versiones anteriores de Android, para detectar y administrar eventos de pérdida de vinculación.

Nueva forma de quitar la vinculación de Bluetooth

Todas las apps que se orientan a Android 16 ahora pueden desvincular dispositivos Bluetooth con una API pública en CompanionDeviceManager. Si un dispositivo complementario se administra como una asociación de CDM, la app puede activar la eliminación de la vinculación Bluetooth con la nueva API de removeBond(int) en el dispositivo asociado. La app puede supervisar los cambios de estado de vinculación escuchando el evento de transmisión del dispositivo Bluetooth ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Seguridad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios de seguridad.

Bloqueo de la versión de MediaStore

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

Intents más seguros

La función Intents más seguros es una iniciativa de seguridad de varias fases diseñada para mejorar la seguridad del mecanismo de resolución de intents de Android. El objetivo es proteger las apps de acciones maliciosas agregando verificaciones durante el procesamiento de intents y filtrando los intents que no cumplen con criterios específicos.

En Android 15, la función se enfocó en la app de envío. Ahora, con Android 16, el control se traslada a la app de recepción, lo que permite que los desarrolladores habiliten la resolución estricta de intents con el manifiesto de su app.

Se implementarán dos cambios clave:

1. Los intents explícitos deben coincidir con el filtro de intents del componente de destino: Si un intent segmenta explícitamente un componente, debe coincidir con el filtro de intents de ese componente.

2. Los intents sin una acción no pueden coincidir con ningún filtro de intents: Los intents que no tienen una acción especificada no deben resolverse en ningún filtro de intents.

Estos cambios solo se aplican cuando hay varias apps involucradas y no afectan el control de intents dentro de una sola app.

Impacto

La naturaleza de habilitación significa que los desarrolladores deben habilitarlo explícitamente en el manifiesto de su app para que surta efecto. Como resultado, el impacto de la función se limitará a las apps cuyos desarrolladores cumplan con los siguientes requisitos:

• Conocer la función Safer Intents y sus beneficios
• Elegir de forma activa incorporar prácticas más estrictas de control de intents en sus apps

Este enfoque de aceptación minimiza el riesgo de interrumpir las apps existentes que pueden depender del comportamiento actual de resolución de intents menos seguro.

Si bien el impacto inicial en Android 16 puede ser limitado, la iniciativa Safer Intents tiene una hoja de ruta para lograr un impacto más amplio en futuras versiones de Android. El plan es, eventualmente, hacer que la resolución estricta de la intención sea el comportamiento predeterminado.

La función Safer Intents tiene el potencial de mejorar significativamente la seguridad del ecosistema de Android, ya que dificulta que las apps maliciosas exploten vulnerabilidades en el mecanismo de resolución de intents.

Sin embargo, la transición a la exclusión voluntaria y la aplicación obligatoria deben administrarse con cuidado para abordar posibles problemas de compatibilidad con las apps existentes.

Implementación

Los desarrolladores deben habilitar explícitamente la coincidencia de intents más estricta con el atributo intentMatchingFlags en el manifiesto de su app. Este es un ejemplo en el que la función es opcional para toda la app, pero está inhabilitada o es opcional en un receptor:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

Más información sobre las marcas compatibles:

Pruebas y depuración

Cuando la aplicación de la política esté activa, las apps deberían funcionar correctamente si el llamador del intent completó el intent de forma adecuada. Sin embargo, las intents bloqueadas activarán mensajes de registro de advertencia, como "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" y "Access blocked:", con la etiqueta "PackageManager.". Esto indica un posible problema que podría afectar la app y requiere atención.

Filtro de Logcat:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Filtrado de llamadas al sistema de la GPU

To harden the Mali GPU surface, Mali GPU IOCTLs that have been deprecated or are intended solely for GPU development have been blocked in production builds. Additionally, IOCTLs used for GPU profiling have been restricted to the shell process or debuggable applications. Refer to the SAC update for more details on the platform-level policy.

This change takes place on Pixel devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). Arm has provided official categorization of their IOCTLs in Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst of their r54p2 release. This list will continue to be maintained in future driver releases.

This change does not impact supported graphics APIs (including Vulkan and OpenGL), and is not expected to impact developers or existing applications. GPU profiling tools such as the Streamline Performance Analyzer and the Android GPU Inspector won't be affected.

Testing

If you see a SELinux denial similar to the following, it is likely your application has been impacted by this change:

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

If your application needs to use blocked IOCTLs, please file a bug and assign it to android-partner-security@google.com.

FAQ

1. Does this policy change apply to all OEMs? This change will be opt-in, but available to any OEMs who would like to use this hardening method. Instructions for implementing the change can be found in the implementation documentation.

2. Is it mandatory to make changes in the OEM codebase to implement this, or does it come with a new AOSP release by default? The platform-level change will come with a new AOSP release by default. Vendors may opt-in to this change in their codebase if they would like to apply it.

3. Are SoCs responsible for keeping the IOCTL list up to date? For example, if my device uses an ARM Mali GPU, would I need to reach out to ARM for any of the changes? Individual SoCs must update their IOCTL lists per device upon driver release. For example, ARM will update their published IOCTL list upon driver updates. However, OEMs should make sure that they incorporate the updates in their SEPolicy, and add any selected custom IOCTLs to the lists as needed.

4. Does this change apply to all Pixel in-market devices automatically, or is a user action required to toggle something to apply this change? This change applies to all Pixel in-market devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). No user action is required to apply this change.

5. Will use of this policy impact the performance of the kernel driver? This policy was tested on the Mali GPU using GFXBench, and no measurable change to GPU performance was observed.

6. Is it necessary for the IOCTL list to align with the current userspace and kernel driver versions? Yes, the list of allowed IOCTLs must be synchronized with the IOCTLs supported by both the userspace and kernel drivers. If the IOCTLs in the user space or kernel driver are updated, the SEPolicy IOCTL list must be updated to match.

7. ARM has categorized IOCTLs as 'restricted' / 'instrumentation', but we want to use some of them in production use-cases, and/or deny others. Individual OEMs/SoCs are responsible for deciding on how to categorize the IOCTLs they use, based on the configuration of their userspace Mali libraries. ARM's list can be used to help decide on these, but each OEM/SoC's use-case may be different.

Privacidad

Android 16 (nivel de API 36) incluye los siguientes cambios relacionados con la privacidad.

Permiso de red local

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and 26Q2 respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

Fotos propiedad de la app

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.