Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 15 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang dapat memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 15, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya uji aplikasi Anda, lalu ubah sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung perubahan ini dengan tepat, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15.

Fungsi inti

Android 15 mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Perubahan pada status paket dihentikan

The intention of the package FLAG_STOPPED state (which users can engage in AOSP builds by long-pressing an app icon and selecting "Force Stop") has always been to keep apps in this state until the user explicitly removes the app from this state by directly launching the app or indirectly interacting with the app (through the sharesheet or a widget, selecting the app as live wallpaper, etc.). In Android 15, we've updated the behavior of the system to be aligned with this intended behavior. Apps should only be removed from the stopped state through direct or indirect user action.

To support the intended behavior, in addition to the existing restrictions, the system also cancels all pending intents when the app enters the stopped state on a device running Android 15. When the user's actions remove the app from the stopped state, the ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast is delivered to the app providing an opportunity to re-register any pending intents.

You can call the new ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() method to confirm whether the app was put into the stopped state.

Dukungan untuk ukuran halaman 16 KB

Historically, Android has only supported 4 KB memory page sizes, which has optimized system memory performance for the average amount of total memory that Android devices have typically had. Beginning with Android 15, AOSP supports devices that are configured to use a page size of 16 KB (16 KB devices). If your app uses any NDK libraries, either directly or indirectly through an SDK, then you will need to rebuild your app for it to work on these 16 KB devices.

As device manufacturers continue to build devices with larger amounts of physical memory (RAM), many of these devices will adopt 16 KB (and eventually greater) page sizes to optimize the device's performance. Adding support for 16 KB page size devices enables your app to run on these devices and helps your app benefit from the associated performance improvements. Without recompiling, apps might not work on 16 KB devices when they are productionized in future Android releases.

To help you add support for your app, we've provided guidance on how to check if your app is impacted, how to rebuild your app (if applicable), and how to test your app in a 16 KB environment using emulators (including Android 15 system images for the Android Emulator).

Benefits and performance gains

Devices configured with 16 KB page sizes use slightly more memory on average, but also gain various performance improvements for both the system and apps:

  • Lower app launch times while the system is under memory pressure: 3.16% lower on average, with more significant improvements (up to 30%) for some apps that we tested
  • Reduced power draw during app launch: 4.56% reduction on average
  • Faster camera launch: 4.48% faster hot starts on average, and 6.60% faster cold starts on average
  • Improved system boot time: improved by 8% (approximately 950 milliseconds) on average

These improvements are based on our initial testing, and results on actual devices will likely differ. We'll provide additional analysis of potential gains for apps as we continue our testing.

Check if your app is impacted

If your app uses any native code, then you should rebuild your app with support for 16 KB devices. If you are unsure if your app uses native code, you can use the APK Analyzer to identify whether any native code is present and then check the alignment of ELF segments for any shared libraries that you find.

If your app only uses code written in the Java programming language or in Kotlin, including all libraries or SDKs, then your app already supports 16 KB devices. Nevertheless, we recommend that you test your app in a 16 KB environment to verify that there are no unexpected regressions in app behavior.

Perubahan yang diperlukan untuk beberapa aplikasi agar mendukung ruang pribadi

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

  1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
  2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

  1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
  2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
  3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

  4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

    You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

Font emoji berbasis PNG dihapus

The legacy, PNG-based emoji font file (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf) has been removed, leaving just the vector-based file. Beginning with Android 13 (API level 33), the emoji font file used by the system emoji renderer changed from a PNG-based file to a vector based file. The system retained the legacy font file in Android 13 and 14 for compatibility reasons, so that apps with their own font renderers could continue to use the legacy font file until they were able to upgrade.

To check if your app is affected, search your app's code for references to the NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf file.

You can choose to adapt your app in a number of ways:

  • Use platform APIs for text rendering. You can render text to a bitmap-backed Canvas and use that to get a raw image if necessary.
  • Add COLRv1 font support to your app. The FreeType open source library supports COLRv1 in version 2.13.0 and higher.
  • As a last resort, you can bundle the legacy emoji font file (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) into your APK, although in that case your app will be missing the latest emoji updates. For more information, see the Noto Emoji GitHub project page.

Meningkatkan versi SDK target minimum dari 23 menjadi 24

Android 15 builds on the the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this security further. In Android 15, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and privacy.

Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Keamanan dan privasi

Android 15 memperkenalkan langkah-langkah andal untuk memerangi penipuan kode sandi sekali pakai (OTP) dan untuk melindungi konten sensitif pengguna, dengan berfokus pada hardening Layanan Pemroses Notifikasi dan perlindungan berbagi layar. Peningkatan utama meliputi menyamarkan OTP dari notifikasi yang dapat diakses oleh aplikasi yang tidak tepercaya, menyembunyikan notifikasi selama berbagi layar, dan mengamankan aktivitas aplikasi saat OTP diposting. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk menjaga konten sensitif pengguna agar aman dari pelaku yang tidak sah.

Developer harus mengetahui hal berikut untuk memastikan aplikasi mereka kompatibel dengan perubahan di Android 15:

Penyamaran OTP

Android akan menghentikan aplikasi tidak tepercaya yang menerapkan NotificationListenerService agar tidak membaca konten yang tidak disamarkan dari notifikasi tempat OTP telah terdeteksi. Aplikasi tepercaya seperti asosiasi pengelola perangkat pendamping dikecualikan dari batasan ini.

Perlindungan Berbagi Layar

  • Konten notifikasi disembunyikan selama sesi berbagi layar untuk menjaga privasi pengguna. Jika aplikasi menerapkan setPublicVersion(), Android akan menampilkan versi publik notifikasi yang berfungsi sebagai notifikasi pengganti dalam konteks yang tidak aman. Jika tidak, konten notifikasi akan disamarkan tanpa konteks lebih lanjut.
  • Konten sensitif seperti input sandi disembunyikan dari penonton jarak jauh untuk mencegah pengungkapan informasi sensitif pengguna.
  • Aktivitas dari aplikasi yang memposting notifikasi selama berbagi layar saat OTP telah terdeteksi akan disembunyikan. Konten aplikasi disembunyikan dari penampil jarak jauh saat diluncurkan.
  • Selain identifikasi otomatis Android terhadap kolom sensitif, developer dapat menandai bagian aplikasi mereka sebagai sensitif secara manual menggunakan setContentSensitivity, yang disembunyikan dari penonton jarak jauh selama berbagi layar.
  • Developer dapat memilih untuk mengalihkan opsi Nonaktifkan perlindungan berbagi layar di bagian Opsi Developer agar dikecualikan dari perlindungan berbagi layar untuk tujuan demo atau pengujian. Perekam layar sistem default dikecualikan dari perubahan ini, karena rekaman tetap berada di perangkat.

Kamera dan media

Android 15 membuat perubahan berikut pada perilaku kamera dan media untuk semua aplikasi.

Pemutaran audio langsung dan offload akan membatalkan trek audio langsung atau offload yang sebelumnya terbuka saat batas resource tercapai

Before Android 15, if an app requested direct or offload audio playback while another app was playing audio and the resource limits were reached, the app would fail to open a new AudioTrack.

Beginning with Android 15, when an app requests direct or offload playback and the resource limits are reached, the system invalidates any currently open AudioTrack objects which prevent fulfilling the new track request.

(Direct and offload audio tracks are typically opened for playback of compressed audio formats. Common use-cases for playing direct audio include streaming encoded audio over HDMI to a TV. Offload tracks are typically used to play compressed audio on a mobile device with hardware DSP acceleration.)

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 15 menyertakan beberapa perubahan yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Animasi kembali prediktif diaktifkan untuk aplikasi yang ikut serta

Beginning in Android 15, the developer option for predictive back animations has been removed. System animations such as back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity now appear for apps that have opted in to the predictive back gesture either entirely or at an activity level. If your app is affected, take the following actions:

  • Ensure that your app has been properly migrated to use the predictive back gesture.
  • Ensure that your fragment transitions work with predictive back navigation.
  • Migrate away from animation and framework transitions and use animator and androidx transitions instead.
  • Migrate away from back stacks that FragmentManager doesn't know about. Use back stacks managed by FragmentManager or by the Navigation component instead.

Widget dinonaktifkan saat pengguna menghentikan paksa aplikasi

Jika pengguna menghentikan aplikasi secara paksa di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 15, sistem akan menonaktifkan semua widget aplikasi untuk sementara. Widget berwarna abu-abu, dan pengguna tidak dapat berinteraksi dengan widget tersebut. Hal ini karena mulai Android 15, sistem membatalkan semua intent tertunda aplikasi saat aplikasi dihentikan paksa.

Sistem mengaktifkan kembali widget tersebut saat pengguna meluncurkan aplikasi lagi.

Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat Perubahan pada status paket dihentikan.

Chip status bar proyeksi media memberi tahu pengguna tentang berbagi layar, transmisi, dan perekaman

Benefits and performance gains

Check if your app is impacted

Penghentian penggunaan

Dengan setiap rilis, API Android tertentu mungkin tidak digunakan lagi atau harus difaktorkan ulang untuk memberikan pengalaman developer yang lebih baik atau mendukung kemampuan platform baru. Dalam kasus ini, kami secara resmi menghentikan API yang tidak digunakan lagi dan mengarahkan developer ke API alternatif yang akan digunakan.

Penghentian berarti bahwa kami telah mengakhiri dukungan resmi untuk API, tetapi akan tetap tersedia bagi developer. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut penghentian penggunaan yang penting dalam rilis Android ini, lihat halaman penghentian penggunaan.