Perubahan perilaku: Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi

Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 15 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini dengan benar, jika memungkinkan.

Pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 15, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion aplikasi Anda.

Fungsi inti

Android 15 mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Perubahan pada layanan latar depan

We are making the following changes to foreground services with Android 15.

• Data sync foreground service timeout behavior
• New media processing foreground service type
• Restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services
• Restrictions on starting foreground services while an app holds the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission

Data sync foreground service timeout behavior

Android 15 introduces a new timeout behavior to dataSync for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) or higher. This behavior also applies to the new mediaProcessing foreground service type.

The system permits an app's dataSync services to run for a total of 6 hours in a 24-hour period, after which the system calls the running service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method (introduced in Android 15). At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). When Service.onTimeout() is called, the service is no longer considered a foreground service. If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), the system throws an internal exception. The exception is logged in Logcat with the following message:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type dataSync did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

To avoid problems with this behavior change, you can do one or more of the following:

1. Have your service implement the new Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. When your app receives the callback, make sure to call stopSelf() within a few seconds. (If you don't stop the app right away, the system generates a failure.)
2. Make sure your app's dataSync services don't run for more than a total of 6 hours in any 24-hour period (unless the user interacts with the app, resetting the timer).
3. Only start dataSync foreground services as a result of direct user interaction; since your app is in the foreground when the service starts, your service has the full six hours after the app goes to the background.
4. Instead of using a dataSync foreground service, use an alternative API.

If your app's dataSync foreground services have run for 6 hours in the last 24, you cannot start another dataSync foreground service unless the user has brought your app to the foreground (which resets the timer). If you try to start another dataSync foreground service, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException with an error message like "Time limit already exhausted for foreground service type dataSync".

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable data sync timeouts even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable timeouts, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

You can also adjust the timeout period, to make it easier to test how your app behaves when the limit is reached. To set a new timeout period, run the following adb command:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager data_sync_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

New media processing foreground service type

Android 15 introduces a new foreground service type, mediaProcessing. This service type is appropriate for operations like transcoding media files. For example, a media app might download an audio file and need to convert it to a different format before playing it. You can use a mediaProcessing foreground service to make sure the conversion continues even while the app is in the background.

The system permits an app's mediaProcessing services to run for a total of 6 hours in a 24-hour period, after which the system calls the running service's Service.onTimeout(int, int) method (introduced in Android 15). At this time, the service has a few seconds to call Service.stopSelf(). If the service does not call Service.stopSelf(), the system throws an internal exception. The exception is logged in Logcat with the following message:

Fatal Exception: android.app.RemoteServiceException: "A foreground service of
type mediaProcessing did not stop within its timeout: [component name]"

To avoid having the exception, you can do one of the following:

1. Have your service implement the new Service.onTimeout(int, int) method. When your app receives the callback, make sure to call stopSelf() within a few seconds. (If you don't stop the app right away, the system generates a failure.)
2. Make sure your app's mediaProcessing services don't run for more than a total of 6 hours in any 24-hour period (unless the user interacts with the app, resetting the timer).
3. Only start mediaProcessing foreground services as a result of direct user interaction; since your app is in the foreground when the service starts, your service has the full six hours after the app goes to the background.
4. Instead of using a mediaProcessing foreground service, use an alternative API, like WorkManager.

If your app's mediaProcessing foreground services have run for 6 hours in the last 24, you cannot start another mediaProcessing foreground service unless the user has brought your app to the foreground (which resets the timer). If you try to start another mediaProcessing foreground service, the system throws ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException with an error message like "Time limit already exhausted for foreground service type mediaProcessing".

For more information about the mediaProcessing service type, see Changes to foreground service types for Android 15: Media processing.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable media processing timeouts even if your app is not targeting Android 15 (as long as the app is running on an Android 15 device). To enable timeouts, run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_INTRODUCE_TIME_LIMITS your-package-name

You can also adjust the timeout period, to make it easier to test how your app behaves when the limit is reached. To set a new timeout period, run the following adb command:

adb shell device_config put activity_manager media_processing_fgs_timeout_duration duration-in-milliseconds

Restrictions on BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast receivers launching foreground services

Ada batasan baru pada penerima siaran BOOT_COMPLETED yang meluncurkan layanan latar depan. Penerima BOOT_COMPLETED tidak diizinkan untuk meluncurkan jenis layanan latar depan berikut:

• dataSync
• camera
• mediaPlayback
• phoneCall
• mediaProjection
• microphone (pembatasan ini telah diterapkan selama microphone sejak Android 14)

Jika penerima BOOT_COMPLETED mencoba meluncurkan salah satu jenis layanan latar depan tersebut, sistem akan menampilkan ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

Pengujian

Untuk menguji perilaku aplikasi, Anda dapat mengaktifkan pembatasan baru ini bahkan jika aplikasi tidak menargetkan Android 15 (selama aplikasi tersebut berjalan di Android 15 perangkat). Jalankan perintah adb berikut:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_BOOT_COMPLETED_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

Untuk mengirim siaran BOOT_COMPLETED tanpa memulai ulang perangkat, jalankan perintah adb berikut:

adb shell am broadcast -a android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED your-package-name

Restrictions on starting foreground services while an app holds the SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW permission

Sebelumnya, jika memiliki izin SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW, aplikasi dapat meluncurkan layanan latar depan meskipun aplikasi saat ini berada di latar belakang (seperti yang dibahas dalam pengecualian dari pembatasan mulai latar belakang).

Jika aplikasi menargetkan Android 15, pengecualian ini kini lebih sempit. Aplikasi kini harus memiliki izin SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW dan juga memiliki jendela overlay yang terlihat. Artinya, aplikasi harus meluncurkan jendela TYPE_APPLICATION_OVERLAY terlebih dahulu dan jendela harus terlihat sebelum Anda memulai layanan latar depan.

Jika aplikasi Anda mencoba memulai layanan latar depan dari latar belakang tanpa memenuhi persyaratan baru ini (dan tidak memiliki pengecualian lain), sistem akan menampilkan ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

Jika aplikasi Anda mendeklarasikan izin SYSTEM_ALERT_WINDOW dan meluncurkan layanan latar depan dari latar belakang, aplikasi tersebut mungkin akan terpengaruh oleh perubahan ini. Jika aplikasi Anda mendapatkan ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException, periksa urutan operasi aplikasi dan pastikan aplikasi Anda sudah memiliki jendela overlay yang aktif sebelum mencoba memulai layanan latar depan dari latar belakang. Anda dapat memeriksa apakah jendela overlay saat ini terlihat dengan memanggil View.getWindowVisibility(), atau Anda dapat mengganti View.onWindowVisibilityChanged() untuk mendapatkan notifikasi setiap kali visibilitas berubah.

Pengujian

Untuk menguji perilaku aplikasi, Anda dapat mengaktifkan pembatasan baru ini meskipun aplikasi tidak menargetkan Android 15 (selama aplikasi berjalan di perangkat Android 15). Untuk mengaktifkan pembatasan baru ini saat memulai layanan latar depan dari latar belakang, jalankan perintah adb berikut:

adb shell am compat enable FGS_SAW_RESTRICTIONS your-package-name

Perubahan pada waktu aplikasi dapat mengubah status global mode Jangan Ganggu

Apps that target Android 15 (API level 35) and higher can no longer change the global state or policy of Do Not Disturb (DND) on a device (either by modifying user settings, or turning off DND mode). Instead, apps must contribute an AutomaticZenRule, which the system combines into a global policy with the existing most-restrictive-policy-wins scheme. Calls to existing APIs that previously affected global state (setInterruptionFilter, setNotificationPolicy) result in the creation or update of an implicit AutomaticZenRule, which is toggled on and off depending on the call-cycle of those API calls.

Note that this change only affects observable behavior if the app is calling setInterruptionFilter(INTERRUPTION_FILTER_ALL) and expects that call to deactivate an AutomaticZenRule that was previously activated by their owners.

Perubahan OpenJDK API

Android 15 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases.

Some of these changes can affect app compatibility for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35):

• Changes to string formatting APIs: Validation of argument index, flags, width, and precision are now more strict when using the following String.format() and Formatter.format() APIs:

  • String.format(String, Object[])
  • String.format(Locale, String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(String, Object[])
  • Formatter.format(Locale, String, Object[])

  For example, the following exception is thrown when an argument index of 0 is used (%0 in the format string):

  IllegalFormatArgumentIndexException: Illegal format argument index = 0
  

  In this case, the issue can be fixed by using an argument index of 1 (%1 in the format string).

• Changes to component type of Arrays.asList(...).toArray(): When using Arrays.asList(...).toArray(), the component type of the resulting array is now an Object—not the type of the underlying array's elements. So the following code throws a ClassCastException:

  String[] elements = (String[]) Arrays.asList("one", "two").toArray();
  

  For this case, to preserve String as the component type in the resulting array, you could use Collection.toArray(Object[]) instead:

  String[] elements = Arrays.asList("two", "one").toArray(new String[0]);
  

• Changes to language code handling: When using the Locale API, language codes for Hebrew, Yiddish, and Indonesian are no longer converted to their obsolete forms (Hebrew: iw, Yiddish: ji, and Indonesian: in). When specifying the language code for one of these locales, use the codes from ISO 639-1 instead (Hebrew: he, Yiddish: yi, and Indonesian: id).

• Changes to random int sequences: Following the changes made in https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8301574, the following Random.ints() methods now return a different sequence of numbers than the Random.nextInt() methods do:

  • Random.ints(long)
  • Random.ints(long, int, int)
  • Random.ints(int, int)
  • Random.ints()

  Generally, this change shouldn't result in app-breaking behavior, but your code shouldn't expect the sequence generated from Random.ints() methods to match Random.nextInt().

The new SequencedCollection API can affect your app's compatibility after you update compileSdk in your app's build configuration to use Android 15 (API level 35):

• Collision with MutableList.removeFirst() and MutableList.removeLast() extension functions in kotlin-stdlib

  The List type in Java is mapped to the MutableList type in Kotlin. Because the List.removeFirst() and List.removeLast() APIs have been introduced in Android 15 (API level 35), the Kotlin compiler resolves function calls, for example list.removeFirst(), statically to the new List APIs instead of to the extension functions in kotlin-stdlib.

  If an app is re-compiled with compileSdk set to 35 and minSdk set to 34 or lower, and then the app is run on Android 14 and lower, a runtime error is thrown:

  java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: No virtual method
  removeFirst()Ljava/lang/Object; in class Ljava/util/ArrayList;
  

  The existing NewApi lint option in Android Gradle Plugin can catch these new API usages.

  ./gradlew lint
  
  MainActivity.kt:41: Error: Call requires API level 35 (current min is 34): java.util.List#removeFirst [NewApi]
        list.removeFirst()
  

  To fix the runtime exception and lint errors, the removeFirst() and removeLast() function calls can be replaced with removeAt(0) and removeAt(list.lastIndex) respectively in Kotlin. If you're using Android Studio Ladybug | 2024.1.3 or higher, it also provides a quick fix option for these errors.

  Consider removing @SuppressLint("NewApi") and lintOptions { disable 'NewApi' } if the lint option has been disabled.

• Collision with other methods in Java

  New methods have been added into the existing types, for example, List and Deque. These new methods might not be compatible with the methods with the same name and argument types in other interfaces and classes. In the case of a method signature collision with incompatibility, the javac compiler outputs a build-time error. For example:

  Example error 1:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:135: error: removeLast() in MyList cannot implement removeLast() in List
    public void removeLast() {
                ^
    return type void is not compatible with Object
    where E is a type-variable:
      E extends Object declared in interface List
  

  Example error 2:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:7: error: types Deque<Object> and List<Object> are incompatible;
  public class MyList implements  List<Object>, Deque<Object> {
    both define reversed(), but with unrelated return types
  1 error
  

  Example error 3:

  javac MyList.java
  
  MyList.java:43: error: types List<E#1> and MyInterface<E#2> are incompatible;
  public static class MyList implements List<Object>, MyInterface<Object> {
    class MyList inherits unrelated defaults for getFirst() from types List and MyInterface
    where E#1,E#2 are type-variables:
      E#1 extends Object declared in interface List
      E#2 extends Object declared in interface MyInterface
  1 error
  

  To fix these build errors, the class implementing these interfaces should override the method with a compatible return type. For example:

  @Override
  public Object getFirst() {
      return List.super.getFirst();
  }
  

Keamanan

Android 15 menyertakan perubahan yang meningkatkan keamanan sistem untuk membantu melindungi aplikasi dan pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya.

Peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang yang aman

Android 15 melindungi pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya dan memberi pengguna kontrol yang lebih besar perangkat mereka dengan menambahkan perubahan yang mencegah aplikasi latar belakang berbahaya membawa aplikasi lain ke latar depan, meningkatkan hak istimewanya, dan menyalahgunakan interaksi pengguna. Peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang dibatasi sejak Android 10 (level API 29).

Blokir aplikasi yang tidak cocok dengan UID teratas pada tumpukan agar tidak meluncurkan aktivitas

Aplikasi berbahaya bisa meluncurkan aktivitas aplikasi lain dalam tugas yang sama, lalu menempatkan diri di atasnya, menciptakan ilusi sebagai aplikasi. "Tugas ini pembajakan" serangan menghindari pembatasan peluncuran di latar belakang saat ini karena semuanya muncul dalam tugas terlihat yang sama. Untuk memitigasi risiko ini, Android 15 menambahkan penanda yang memblokir aplikasi yang tidak cocok dengan UID teratas pada tumpukan agar tidak diluncurkan aktivitas Anda. Untuk ikut serta dalam semua aktivitas aplikasi Anda, perbarui allowCrossUidActivitySwitchFromBelow di file AndroidManifest.xml aplikasi Anda:

<application android:allowCrossUidActivitySwitchFromBelow="false" >

Langkah-langkah keamanan baru akan aktif jika semua hal berikut terpenuhi:

• Aplikasi yang melakukan peluncuran menargetkan Android 15.
• Aplikasi di atas tumpukan tugas menargetkan Android 15.
• Semua aktivitas yang terlihat telah diikutsertakan ke perlindungan baru

Jika langkah-langkah keamanan diaktifkan, aplikasi mungkin akan dikembalikan ke beranda, bukan aplikasi yang terakhir terlihat, jika mereka menyelesaikan tugas mereka sendiri.

Perubahan lainnya

Selain pembatasan untuk pencocokan UID, perubahan lain ini juga termasuk:

• Ubah PendingIntent kreator untuk memblokir peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang dengan default. Hal ini membantu mencegah aplikasi secara tidak sengaja membuat PendingIntent yang dapat disalahgunakan oleh pelaku kejahatan.
• Jangan memindahkan aplikasi ke latar depan kecuali jika pengirim PendingIntent mengizinkannya. Perubahan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah aplikasi berbahaya menyalahgunakan kemampuan untuk memulai aktivitas di latar belakang. Secara default, aplikasi tidak diizinkan untuk memindahkan stack tugas ke latar depan kecuali jika kreator mengizinkan hak istimewa peluncuran aktivitas latar belakang atau pengirim memiliki aktivitas latar belakang hak istimewa peluncuran.
• Kontrol cara aktivitas teratas tumpukan tugas dapat menyelesaikan tugasnya. Jika aktivitas teratas yang menyelesaikan tugas, Android akan kembali ke tugas mana pun yang terakhir aktif. Selain itu, jika aktivitas non-top menyelesaikan tugasnya, Android akan kembali ke layar beranda; itu tidak akan memblokir penyelesaian non-top ini aktivitas Anda.
• Mencegah peluncuran aktivitas arbitrer dari aplikasi lain ke aplikasi Anda sendiri tugas. Perubahan ini mencegah aplikasi berbahaya melakukan phishing pengguna dengan membuat aktivitas yang tampaknya berasal dari aplikasi lain.
• Memblokir jendela yang tidak terlihat agar tidak dipertimbangkan untuk aktivitas latar belakang peluncuran. Tindakan ini membantu mencegah aplikasi berbahaya menyalahgunakan latar belakang peluncuran aktivitas untuk menampilkan konten yang tidak diinginkan atau berbahaya kepada pengguna.

Intent yang lebih aman

Android 15 introduces new optional security measures to make intents safer and more robust. These changes are aimed at preventing potential vulnerabilities and misuse of intents that can be exploited by malicious apps. There are two main improvements to the security of intents in Android 15:

• Match target intent-filters: Intents that target specific components must accurately match the target's intent-filter specifications. If you send an intent to launch another app's activity, the target intent component needs to align with the receiving activity's declared intent-filters.
• Intents must have actions: Intents without an action will no longer match any intent-filters. This means that intents used to start activities or services must have a clearly defined action.

In order to check how your app responds to these changes, use StrictMode in your app. To see detailed logs about Intent usage violations, add the following method:

fun onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(VmPolicy.Builder()
        .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
        .build()
    )
}

public void onCreate() {
    StrictMode.setVmPolicy(new VmPolicy.Builder()
            .detectUnsafeIntentLaunch()
            .build());
}

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 15 menyertakan beberapa perubahan yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Perubahan inset jendela

There are two changes related to window insets in Android 15: edge-to-edge is enforced by default, and there are also configuration changes, such as the default configuration of system bars.

Penerapan menyeluruh

Apps are edge-to-edge by default on devices running Android 15 if the app is targeting Android 15 (API level 35).

This is a breaking change that might negatively impact your app's UI. The changes affect the following UI areas:

• Gesture handle navigation bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • Bottom offset is disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are deprecated and don't affect gesture navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced continue to have no effect on gesture navigation.
• 3-button navigation
  • Opacity set to 80% by default, with color possibly matching the window background.
  • Bottom offset disabled so content draws behind the system navigation bar unless insets are applied.
  • setNavigationBarColor and R.attr#navigationBarColor are set to match the window background by default. The window background must be a color drawable for this default to apply. This API is deprecated but continues to affect 3-button navigation.
  • setNavigationBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#navigationBarContrastEnforced is true by default, which adds an 80% opaque background across 3-button navigation.
• Status bar
  • Transparent by default.
  • The top offset is disabled so content draws behind the status bar unless insets are applied.
  • setStatusBarColor and R.attr#statusBarColor are deprecated and have no effect on Android 15.
  • setStatusBarContrastEnforced and R.attr#statusBarContrastEnforced are deprecated but still have an effect on Android 15.
• Display cutout
  • layoutInDisplayCutoutMode of non-floating windows must be LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. SHORT_EDGES, NEVER, and DEFAULT are interpreted as ALWAYS so that users don't see a black bar caused by the display cutout and appear edge-to-edge.

The following example shows an app before and after targeting Android 15 (API level 35), and before and after applying insets.

What to check if your app is already edge-to-edge

If your app is already edge-to-edge and applies insets, you are mostly unimpacted, except in the following scenarios. However, even if you think you aren't impacted, we recommend you test your app.

• You have a non-floating window, such as an Activity that uses SHORT_EDGES, NEVER or DEFAULT instead of LAYOUT_IN_DISPLAY_CUTOUT_MODE_ALWAYS. If your app crashes on launch, this might be due to your splashscreen. You can either upgrade the core splashscreen dependency to 1.2.0-alpha01 or later or set window.attributes.layoutInDisplayCutoutMode = WindowManager.LayoutInDisplayCutoutMode.always.
• There might be lower-traffic screens with occluded UI. Verify these less-visited screens don't have occluded UI. Lower-traffic screens include:
  • Onboarding or sign-in screens
  • Settings pages

What to check if your app is not already edge-to-edge

If your app is not already edge-to-edge, you are most likely impacted. In addition to the scenarios for apps that are already edge-to-edge, you should consider the following:

• If your app uses Material 3 Components ( androidx.compose.material3) in compose, such as TopAppBar, BottomAppBar, and NavigationBar, these components are likely not impacted because they automatically handle insets.
• If your app is using Material 2 Components ( androidx.compose.material) in Compose, these components don't automatically handle insets. However, you can get access to the insets and apply them manually. In androidx.compose.material 1.6.0 and later, use the windowInsets parameter to apply the insets manually for BottomAppBar, TopAppBar, BottomNavigation, and NavigationRail. Likewise, use the contentWindowInsets parameter for Scaffold.
• If your app uses views and Material Components (com.google.android.material), most views-based Material Components such as BottomNavigationView, BottomAppBar, NavigationRailView, or NavigationView, handle insets and require no additional work. However, you need to add android:fitsSystemWindows="true" if using AppBarLayout.
• For custom composables, apply the insets manually as padding. If your content is within a Scaffold, you can consume insets using the Scaffold padding values. Otherwise, apply padding using one of the WindowInsets.
• If your app is using views and BottomSheet, SideSheet or custom containers, apply padding using ViewCompat.setOnApplyWindowInsetsListener. For RecyclerView, apply padding using this listener and also add clipToPadding="false".

What to check if your app must offer custom background protection

If your app must offer custom background protection to 3-button navigation or the status bar, your app should place a composable or view behind the system bar using WindowInsets.Type#tappableElement() to get the 3-button navigation bar height or WindowInsets.Type#statusBars.

Additional edge-to-edge resources

See the Edge to Edge Views and Edge to Edge Compose guides for additional considerations on applying insets.

Deprecated APIs

The following APIs are deprecated but not disabled:

• R.attr#enforceStatusBarContrast
• R.attr#navigationBarColor (for 3 button navigation, with 80% alpha)
• Window#isStatusBarContrastEnforced
• Window#setNavigationBarColor (for 3 button navigation, with 80% alpha)
• Window#setStatusBarContrastEnforced

The following APIs are deprecated and disabled:

• R.attr#navigationBarColor (for gesture navigation)
• R.attr#navigationBarDividerColor
• R.attr#statusBarColor
• Window#setDecorFitsSystemWindows
• Window#getNavigationBarColor
• Window#getNavigationBarDividerColor
• Window#getStatusBarColor
• Window#setNavigationBarColor (for gesture navigation)
• Window#setNavigationBarDividerColor
• Window#setStatusBarColor

Konfigurasi stabil

If your app targets Android 15 (API level 35) or higher, Configuration no longer excludes the system bars. If you use the screen size in the Configuration class for layout calculation, you should replace it with better alternatives like an appropriate ViewGroup, WindowInsets, or WindowMetricsCalculator depending on your need.

Configuration has been available since API 1. It is typically obtained from Activity.onConfigurationChanged. It provides information like window density, orientation, and sizes. One important characteristic about the window sizes returned from Configuration is that it previously excluded the system bars.

The configuration size is typically used for resource selection, such as /res/layout-h500dp, and this is still a valid use case. However, using it for layout calculation has always been discouraged. If you do so, you should move away from it now. You should replace the use of Configuration with something more suitable depending on your use case.

If you use it to calculate the layout, use an appropriate ViewGroup, such as CoordinatorLayout or ConstraintLayout. If you use it to determine the height of the system navbar, use WindowInsets. If you want to know the current size of your app window, use computeCurrentWindowMetrics.

The following list describes the fields affected by this change:

• Configuration.screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp sizes no longer exclude the system bars.
• Configuration.smallestScreenWidthDp is indirectly affected by changes to screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp.
• Configuration.orientation is indirectly affected by changes to screenWidthDp and screenHeightDp on close-to-square devices.
• Display.getSize(Point) is indirectly affected by the changes in Configuration. This was deprecated beginning in API level 30.
• Display.getMetrics() has already worked like this since API level 33.

Atribut elegantTextHeight ditetapkan secara default ke true

Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 (API level 35), atribut TextView elegantTextHeight menjadi true secara default, menggantikan font ringkas yang digunakan secara default dengan beberapa skrip yang memiliki metrik vertikal besar dengan skrip yang jauh lebih mudah dibaca. Font rapat diperkenalkan untuk mencegah kerusakan tata letak; Android 13 (API level 33) mencegah banyak kerusakan ini dengan memungkinkan tata letak teks meregangkan tinggi vertikal menggunakan atribut fallbackLineSpacing.

Di Android 15, font ringkas masih ada di sistem, sehingga aplikasi Anda dapat menetapkan elegantTextHeight ke false untuk mendapatkan perilaku yang sama seperti sebelumnya, tetapi kemungkinan tidak akan didukung dalam rilis mendatang. Jadi, jika aplikasi Anda mendukung skrip berikut: Arab, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu, atau Thai, uji aplikasi Anda dengan menetapkan elegantTextHeight ke true.

Perilaku

Perilaku

Perubahan lebar TextView untuk bentuk huruf yang kompleks

Pada versi Android sebelumnya, beberapa font atau bahasa kursif yang memiliki bentuk kompleks dapat menggambar huruf di area karakter sebelumnya atau berikutnya. Dalam beberapa kasus, huruf tersebut dipangkas di posisi awal atau akhir. Mulai Android 15, TextView mengalokasikan lebar untuk menggambar ruang yang cukup untuk huruf tersebut dan memungkinkan aplikasi meminta padding tambahan ke kiri untuk mencegah pemangkasan.

Karena perubahan ini memengaruhi cara TextView menentukan lebar, TextView mengalokasikan lebih banyak lebar secara default jika aplikasi menargetkan Android 15 (level API 35) atau yang lebih baru. Anda dapat mengaktifkan atau menonaktifkan perilaku ini dengan memanggil setUseBoundsForWidth API di TextView.

Karena menambahkan padding kiri dapat menyebabkan ketidaksejajaran untuk tata letak yang ada, padding tidak ditambahkan secara default bahkan untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi. Namun, Anda dapat menambahkan padding tambahan untuk mencegah pemangkasan dengan memanggil setShiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang.

Contoh berikut menunjukkan bagaimana perubahan ini dapat meningkatkan tata letak teks untuk beberapa font dan bahasa.

Tata letak standar untuk teks bahasa Inggris dalam font kursif. Beberapa huruf terpotong. Berikut adalah XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java" />

Tata letak untuk teks bahasa Inggris yang sama dengan lebar dan padding tambahan. Berikut adalah XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:fontFamily="cursive"
    android:text="java"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />

Tata letak standar untuk teks Thailand. Beberapa huruf diklip. Berikut XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์" />

Tata letak untuk teks Thai yang sama dengan lebar dan padding tambahan. Berikut XML yang sesuai:

<TextView
    android:text="คอมพิวเตอร์"
    android:useBoundsForWidth="true"
    android:shiftDrawingOffsetForStartOverhang="true" />

Tinggi baris default yang mempertimbangkan lokalitas untuk EditText

In previous versions of Android, the text layout stretched the height of the text to meet the line height of the font that matched the current locale. For example, if the content was in Japanese, because the line height of the Japanese font is slightly larger than the one of a Latin font, the height of the text became slightly larger. However, despite these differences in line heights, the EditText element was sized uniformly, regardless of the locale being used, as illustrated in the following image:

For apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), a minimum line height is now reserved for EditText to match the reference font for the specified Locale, as shown in the following image:

If needed, your app can restore the previous behavior by specifying the useLocalePreferredLineHeightForMinimum attribute to false, and your app can set custom minimum vertical metrics using the setMinimumFontMetrics API in Kotlin and Java.

Kamera dan media

Android 15 membuat perubahan berikut pada perilaku kamera dan media untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15 atau yang lebih tinggi.

Batasan untuk meminta fokus audio

Apps that target Android 15 (API level 35) must be the top app or running a foreground service in order to request audio focus. If an app attempts to request focus when it does not meet one of these requirements, the call returns AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

You can learn more about audio focus at Manage audio focus.

Pembatasan non-SDK yang diperbarui

Android 15 menyertakan daftar terbaru antarmuka non-SDK yang dibatasi berdasarkan kolaborasi dengan developer Android dan pengujian internal terbaru. Jika memungkinkan, kami akan memastikan ketersediaan alternatif publik sebelum membatasi antarmuka non-SDK.

Jika aplikasi Anda tidak menargetkan Android 15, beberapa perubahan ini mungkin tidak langsung memengaruhi Anda. Namun, meskipun aplikasi Anda dapat mengakses beberapa antarmuka non-SDK bergantung pada API level target aplikasi Anda, penggunaan metode atau kolom non-SDK selalu berisiko tinggi merusak aplikasi Anda.

Jika tidak yakin apakah aplikasi Anda menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK atau tidak, Anda dapat menguji aplikasi untuk mencari tahu. Jika aplikasi Anda mengandalkan antarmuka non-SDK, sebaiknya mulailah merencanakan migrasi ke alternatif SDK. Meskipun begitu, kami memahami bahwa beberapa aplikasi memiliki kasus penggunaan yang valid untuk menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK. Jika tidak dapat menemukan alternatif penggunaan antarmuka non-SDK untuk fitur dalam aplikasi Anda, sebaiknya minta API publik baru.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 15. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.