Ringkasan Fitur dan API

Android 14 memperkenalkan fitur dan API hebat untuk para developer. Berikut ini membantu Anda mempelajari fitur-fitur yang tersedia untuk aplikasi Anda, serta mulai menggunakan API terkait.

Untuk melihat daftar mendetail tentang API yang ditambahkan, diubah, dan dihapus, baca laporan perbedaan API. Untuk mengetahui detail tentang API yang ditambahkan, buka referensi API Android — untuk Android 14, cari API yang ditambahkan di level API 34. Untuk mempelajari area dengan perubahan platform yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda, pastikan untuk memeriksa perubahan perilaku Android 14 untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 dan untuk semua aplikasi.

Internasionalisasi

Preferensi bahasa per aplikasi

Android 14 expands on the per-app language features that were introduced in Android 13 (API level 33) with these additional capabilities:

  • Automatically generate an app's localeConfig: Starting with Android Studio Giraffe Canary 7 and AGP 8.1.0-alpha07, you can configure your app to support per-app language preferences automatically. Based on your project resources, the Android Gradle plugin generates the LocaleConfig file and adds a reference to it in the final manifest file, so you no longer have to create or update the file manually. AGP uses the resources in the res folders of your app modules and any library module dependencies to determine the locales to include in the LocaleConfig file.

  • Dynamic updates for an app's localeConfig: Use the setOverrideLocaleConfig() and getOverrideLocaleConfig() methods in LocaleManager to dynamically update your app's list of supported languages in the device's system settings. Use this flexibility to customize the list of supported languages per region, run A/B experiments, or provide an updated list of locales if your app utilizes server-side pushes for localization.

  • App language visibility for input method editors (IMEs): IMEs can utilize the getApplicationLocales() method to check the language of the current app and match the IME language to that language.

Grammatical Inflection API

3 billion people speak gendered languages: languages where grammatical categories—such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions—inflect according to the gender of people and objects you talk to or about. Traditionally, many gendered languages use masculine grammatical gender as the default or generic gender.

Addressing users in the wrong grammatical gender, such as addressing women in masculine grammatical gender, can negatively impact their performance and attitude. In contrast, a UI with language that correctly reflects the user's grammatical gender can improve user engagement and provide a more personalized and natural-sounding user experience.

To help you build a user-centric UI for gendered languages, Android 14 introduces the Grammatical Inflection API, which lets you add support for grammatical gender without refactoring your app.

Preferensi regional

Regional preferences enable users to personalize temperature units, the first day of the week, and numbering systems. A European living in the United States might prefer temperature units to be in Celsius rather than Fahrenheit and for apps to treat Monday as the beginning of the week instead of the US default of Sunday.

New Android Settings menus for these preferences provide users with a discoverable and centralized location to change app preferences. These preferences also persist through backup and restore. Several APIs and intents—such as getTemperatureUnit and getFirstDayOfWeek— grant your app read access to user preferences, so your app can adjust how it displays information. You can also register a BroadcastReceiver on ACTION_LOCALE_CHANGED to handle locale configuration changes when regional preferences change.

To find these settings, open the Settings app and navigate to System > Languages & input > Regional preferences.

Regional preferences screen in Android system settings.
Temperature options for regional preferences in Android system settings.

Aksesibilitas

Penskalaan font non-linear ke 200%

Starting in Android 14, the system supports font scaling up to 200%, providing low-vision users with additional accessibility options that align with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).

To prevent large text elements on screen from scaling too large, the system applies a nonlinear scaling curve. This scaling strategy means that large text doesn't scale at the same rate as smaller text. Nonlinear font scaling helps preserve the proportional hierarchy between elements of different sizes while mitigating issues with linear text scaling at high degrees (such as text being cut off or text that becomes harder to read due to an extremely large display sizes).

Test your app with nonlinear font scaling

Enable the maximum font size in a device's accessibility settings to test your app.

If you already use scaled pixels (sp) units to define text sizing, then these additional options and scaling improvements are applied automatically to the text in your app. However, you should still perform UI testing with the maximum font size enabled (200%) to ensure that your app applies the font sizes correctly and can accommodate larger font sizes without impacting usability.

To enable 200% font size, follow these steps:

  1. Open the Settings app and navigate to Accessibility > Display size and text.
  2. For the Font size option, tap the plus (+) icon until the maximum font size setting is enabled, as shown in the image that accompanies this section.

Use scaled pixel (sp) units for text-sizes

Remember to always specify text sizes in sp units. When your app uses sp units, Android can apply the user's preferred text size and scale it appropriately.

Don't use sp units for padding or define view heights assuming implicit padding: with nonlinear font scaling sp dimensions might not be proportional, so 4sp + 20sp might not equal 24sp.

Convert scaled pixel (sp) units

Use TypedValue.applyDimension() to convert from sp units to pixels, and use TypedValue.deriveDimension() to convert pixels to sp. These methods apply the appropriate nonlinear scaling curve automatically.

Avoid hardcoding equations using Configuration.fontScale or DisplayMetrics.scaledDensity. Because font scaling is nonlinear, the scaledDensity field is no longer accurate. The fontScale field should be used for informational purposes only because fonts are no longer scaled with a single scalar value.

Use sp units for lineHeight

Always define android:lineHeight using sp units instead of dp, so the line height scales along with your text. Otherwise, if your text is sp but your lineHeight is in dp or px, it doesn't scale and looks cramped. TextView automatically corrects the lineHeight so that your intended proportions are preserved, but only if both textSize and lineHeight are defined in sp units.

Kamera dan media

Ultra HDR untuk gambar

An illustration of Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) versus High Dynamic Range (HDR) image quality.

Android 14 adds support for High Dynamic Range (HDR) images that retain more of the information from the sensor when taking a photo, which enables vibrant colors and greater contrast. Android uses the Ultra HDR format, which is fully backward compatible with JPEG images, allowing apps to seamlessly interoperate with HDR images, displaying them in Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) as needed.

Rendering these images in the UI in HDR is done automatically by the framework when your app opts in to using HDR UI for its Activity Window, either through a manifest entry or at runtime by calling Window.setColorMode(). You can also capture compressed Ultra HDR still images on supported devices. With more colors recovered from the sensor, editing in post can be more flexible. The Gainmap associated with Ultra HDR images can be used to render them using OpenGL or Vulkan.

Zoom, Fokus, Postview, dan lainnya di ekstensi kamera

Android 14 upgrades and improves camera extensions, allowing apps to handle longer processing times, which enables improved images using compute-intensive algorithms like low-light photography on supported devices. These features give users an even more robust experience when using camera extension capabilities. Examples of these improvements include:

Zoom dalam sensor

When REQUEST_AVAILABLE_CAPABILITIES_STREAM_USE_CASE in CameraCharacteristics contains SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW, your app can use advanced sensor capabilities to give a cropped RAW stream the same pixels as the full field of view by using a CaptureRequest with a RAW target that has stream use case set to CameraMetadata.SCALER_AVAILABLE_STREAM_USE_CASES_CROPPED_RAW. By implementing the request override controls, the updated camera gives users zoom control even before other camera controls are ready.

Audio USB lossless

Android 14 gains support for lossless audio formats for audiophile-level experiences over USB wired headsets. You can query a USB device for its preferred mixer attributes, register a listener for changes in preferred mixer attributes, and configure mixer attributes using the AudioMixerAttributes class. This class represents the format, such as channel mask, sample rate, and behavior of the audio mixer. The class allows for audio to be sent directly, without mixing, volume adjustment, or processing effects.

Alat dan produktivitas developer

Credential Manager

Android 14 adds Credential Manager as a platform API, with additional support back to Android 4.4 (API level 19) devices through a Jetpack Library using Google Play services. Credential Manager aims to make sign-in easier for users with APIs that retrieve and store credentials with user-configured credential providers. Credential Manager supports multiple sign-in methods, including username and password, passkeys, and federated sign-in solutions (such as Sign-in with Google) in a single API.

Passkeys provide many advantages. For example, passkeys are built on industry standards, can work across different operating systems and browser ecosystems, and can be used with both websites and apps.

For more information, see the Credential Manager and passkeys documentation and the blogpost about Credential Manager and passkeys.

Health Connect

Health Connect adalah repositori di perangkat untuk data kesehatan dan kebugaran pengguna. Hal ini memungkinkan pengguna berbagi data antar-aplikasi favorit mereka, dengan satu tempat untuk mengontrol data yang ingin dibagikan ke aplikasi tersebut.

Pada perangkat yang menjalankan versi Android sebelum Android 14, Health Connect tersedia untuk didownload sebagai aplikasi di Google Play Store. Mulai Android 14, Health Connect adalah bagian dari platform dan menerima update melalui update sistem Google Play tanpa memerlukan download terpisah. Dengan cara ini, Health Connect dapat sering diupdate, dan aplikasi Anda dapat mengandalkan Health Connect yang tersedia di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 14 atau yang lebih baru. Pengguna dapat mengakses Health Connect dari Setelan di perangkat mereka, dengan kontrol privasi yang terintegrasi ke dalam setelan sistem.

Pengguna dapat mulai menggunakan Health Connect tanpa mendownload aplikasi terpisah di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 14 atau yang lebih tinggi.
Pengguna dapat mengontrol aplikasi mana yang memiliki akses ke data kesehatan dan kebugaran mereka melalui setelan sistem.

Health Connect menyertakan beberapa fitur baru di Android 14, seperti rute olahraga, yang memungkinkan pengguna membagikan rute olahraga yang dapat divisualisasikan di peta. Rute didefinisikan sebagai daftar lokasi yang disimpan dalam periode waktu, dan aplikasi Anda dapat menyisipkan rute ke dalam sesi olahraga, yang menyatukannya bersama-sama. Untuk memastikan pengguna memiliki kontrol penuh atas data sensitif ini, pengguna harus mengizinkan berbagi setiap rute ke aplikasi lain.

Untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya, lihat dokumentasi Koneksi Kesehatan dan postingan blog tentang Yang baru di Android Health.

Update OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

The following features and improvements are included:

  • Updated approximately 300 java.base classes to Java 17 support.
  • Text Blocks, which introduce multi-line string literals to the Java programming language.
  • Pattern Matching for instanceof, which allows an object to be treated as having a specific type in an instanceof without any additional variables.
  • Sealed classes, which allow you restrict which classes and interfaces can extend or implement them.

Thanks to Google Play system updates (Project Mainline), over 600 million devices are enabled to receive the latest Android Runtime (ART) updates that include these changes. This is part of our commitment to give apps a more consistent, secure environment across devices, and to deliver new features and capabilities to users independent of platform releases.

Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Peningkatan untuk app store

Android 14 memperkenalkan beberapa PackageInstaller API yang memungkinkan app store meningkatkan pengalaman pengguna mereka.

Meminta persetujuan penginstalan sebelum mendownload

Menginstal atau mengupdate aplikasi mungkin memerlukan persetujuan pengguna. Misalnya, saat penginstal menggunakan izin REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES mencoba menginstal aplikasi baru. Pada versi Android sebelumnya, app store hanya dapat meminta persetujuan pengguna setelah APK ditulis ke sesi penginstalan dan sesi tersebut di-commit.

Mulai Android 14, metode requestUserPreapproval() memungkinkan penginstal meminta persetujuan pengguna sebelum melakukan sesi penginstalan. Peningkatan ini memungkinkan app store menunda download APK apa pun hingga setelah penginstalan disetujui oleh pengguna. Selain itu, setelah pengguna menyetujui penginstalan, app store dapat mendownload dan menginstal aplikasi di latar belakang tanpa mengganggu pengguna.

Mengklaim tanggung jawab untuk update mendatang

Metode setRequestUpdateOwnership() memungkinkan penginstal menunjukkan kepada sistem bahwa penginstal bermaksud bertanggung jawab atas update mendatang untuk aplikasi yang diinstalnya. Kemampuan ini memungkinkan penerapan kepemilikan update, yang berarti bahwa hanya pemilik update yang diizinkan untuk menginstal update otomatis ke aplikasi. Penerapan kepemilikan update membantu memastikan bahwa pengguna hanya menerima update dari app store yang diharapkan.

Penginstal lainnya, termasuk yang menggunakan izin INSTALL_PACKAGES, harus menerima persetujuan eksplisit dari pengguna untuk menginstal update. Jika pengguna memutuskan untuk melanjutkan update dari sumber lain, kepemilikan update akan hilang.

Mengupdate aplikasi pada waktu yang tidak terlalu mengganggu

App store biasanya ingin menghindari update aplikasi yang aktif digunakan karena hal ini menyebabkan proses aplikasi yang sedang berjalan dihentikan, yang berpotensi mengganggu aktivitas pengguna.

Mulai Android 14, InstallConstraints API memberi penginstal cara untuk memastikan update aplikasi mereka terjadi pada momen yang tepat. Misalnya, app store dapat memanggil metode commitSessionAfterInstallConstraintsAreMet() untuk memastikan update hanya dilakukan saat pengguna tidak lagi berinteraksi dengan aplikasi yang dimaksud.

Menginstal pemisahan opsional dengan lancar

Dengan APK terpisah, fitur aplikasi dapat dikirimkan dalam file APK terpisah, bukan sebagai APK monolitik. APK terpisah memungkinkan app store mengoptimalkan pengiriman berbagai komponen aplikasi. Misalnya, app store dapat mengoptimalkan berdasarkan properti perangkat target. PackageInstaller API telah mendukung pemisahan sejak diperkenalkan di API level 22.

Di Android 14, metode setDontKillApp() memungkinkan penginstal menunjukkan bahwa proses aplikasi yang sedang berjalan tidak boleh dihentikan saat pemisahan baru diinstal. App store dapat menggunakan fitur ini untuk menginstal fitur baru aplikasi dengan lancar saat pengguna sedang menggunakan aplikasi.

Paket metadata aplikasi

Mulai Android 14, penginstal paket Android memungkinkan Anda menentukan metadata aplikasi, seperti praktik keamanan data, yang akan disertakan di halaman app store seperti Google Play.

Mendeteksi kapan pengguna mengambil screenshot perangkat

To create a more standardized experience for detecting screenshots, Android 14 introduces a privacy-preserving screenshot detection API. This API lets apps register callbacks on a per-activity basis. These callbacks are invoked, and the user is notified, when the user takes a screenshot while that activity is visible.

Pengalaman pengguna

Tindakan kustom Sharesheet dan peringkat yang ditingkatkan

Android 14 updates the system sharesheet to support custom app actions and more informative preview results for users.

Add custom actions

With Android 14, your app can add custom actions to the system sharesheet it invokes.

Screenshot of custom actions on the sharesheet.

Improve ranking of Direct Share targets

Android 14 uses more signals from apps to determine the ranking of the direct share targets to provide more helpful results for the user. To provide the most useful signal for ranking, follow the guidance for improving rankings of your Direct Share targets. Communication apps can also report shortcut usage for outgoing and incoming messages.

Direct Share row in the sharesheet, as shown by 1

Dukungan untuk animasi bawaan dan kustom untuk Kembali Prediktif

Video: Animasi kembali prediktif

Android 13 memperkenalkan animasi "kembali ke layar utama" prediktif di balik opsi developer. Saat digunakan pada aplikasi yang didukung dengan opsi developer yang diaktifkan, menggeser kembali akan menampilkan animasi yang menunjukkan bahwa gestur kembali akan menutup aplikasi untuk kembali ke layar utama.

Android 14 menyertakan beberapa peningkatan dan panduan baru untuk Kembali Prediktif:

Dengan rilis pratinjau Android 14 ini, semua fitur Kembali Prediktif tetap berada di balik opsi developer. Lihat panduan developer untuk memigrasikan aplikasi ke kembali prediktif, serta panduan developer untuk membuat transisi kustom dalam aplikasi.

Penggantian per aplikasi produsen perangkat layar besar

Per-app overrides enable device manufacturers to change the behavior of apps on large screen devices. For example, the FORCE_RESIZE_APP override instructs the system to resize the app to fit display dimensions (avoiding size compatibility mode) even if resizeableActivity="false" is set in the app manifest.

Overrides are intended to improve the user experience on large screens.

New manifest properties enable you to disable some device manufacturer overrides for your app.

Penggantian per aplikasi pengguna perangkat layar besar

Penggantian per aplikasi mengubah perilaku aplikasi di perangkat layar besar. Misalnya, penggantian produsen perangkat OVERRIDE_MIN_ASPECT_RATIO_LARGE menetapkan rasio aspek aplikasi ke 16:9, terlepas dari konfigurasi aplikasi.

Android 14 QPR1 memungkinkan pengguna menerapkan penggantian per aplikasi dengan menggunakan menu setelan baru di perangkat layar besar.

Berbagi layar aplikasi

App screen sharing enables users to share an app window instead of the entire device screen during screen content recording.

With app screen sharing, the status bar, navigation bar, notifications, and other system UI elements are excluded from the shared display. Only the content of the selected app is shared.

App screen sharing improves productivity and privacy by enabling users to run multiple apps but limit content sharing to a single app.

Smart Reply dengan teknologi LLM di Gboard pada Pixel 8 Pro

On Pixel 8 Pro devices with the December Feature Drop, developers can try out higher-quality smart replies in Gboard powered by on-device Large Language Models (LLMs) running on Google Tensor.

This feature is available as a limited preview for US English in WhatsApp, Line, and KakaoTalk. It requires using a Pixel 8 Pro device with Gboard as your keyboard.

To try it out, first enable the feature in Settings > Developer Options > AiCore Settings > Enable Aicore Persistent.

Next, open a conversation in a supported app to see LLM-powered Smart Reply in Gboard's suggestion strip in response to incoming messages.

Gboard utilizes on-device LLMs to provide higher-quality smart replies.

Grafis

Jalur dapat dikueri dan dapat di-interpola

Android's Path API is a powerful and flexible mechanism for creating and rendering vector graphics, with the ability to stroke or fill a path, construct a path from line segments or quadratic or cubic curves, perform boolean operations to get even more complex shapes, or all of these simultaneously. One limitation is the ability to find out what is actually in a Path object; the internals of the object are opaque to callers after creation.

To create a Path, you call methods such as moveTo(), lineTo(), and cubicTo() to add path segments. But there has been no way to ask that path what the segments are, so you must retain that information at creation time.

Starting in Android 14, you can query paths to find out what's inside of them. First, you need to get a PathIterator object using the Path.getPathIterator API:

Kotlin

val path = Path().apply {
    moveTo(1.0f, 1.0f)
    lineTo(2.0f, 2.0f)
    close()
}
val pathIterator = path.pathIterator

Java

Path path = new Path();
path.moveTo(1.0F, 1.0F);
path.lineTo(2.0F, 2.0F);
path.close();
PathIterator pathIterator = path.getPathIterator();

Next, you can call PathIterator to iterate through the segments one by one, retrieving all of the necessary data for each segment. This example uses PathIterator.Segment objects, which packages up the data for you:

Kotlin

for (segment in pathIterator) {
    println("segment: ${segment.verb}, ${segment.points}")
}

Java

while (pathIterator.hasNext()) {
    PathIterator.Segment segment = pathIterator.next();
    Log.i(LOG_TAG, "segment: " + segment.getVerb() + ", " + segment.getPoints());
}

PathIterator also has a non-allocating version of next() where you can pass in a buffer to hold the point data.

One of the important use cases of querying Path data is interpolation. For example, you might want to animate (or morph) between two different paths. To further simplify that use case, Android 14 also includes the interpolate() method on Path. Assuming the two paths have the same internal structure, the interpolate() method creates a new Path with that interpolated result. This example returns a path whose shape is halfway (a linear interpolation of .5) between path and otherPath:

Kotlin

val interpolatedResult = Path()
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, .5f, interpolatedResult)
}

Java

Path interpolatedResult = new Path();
if (path.isInterpolatable(otherPath)) {
    path.interpolate(otherPath, 0.5F, interpolatedResult);
}

The Jetpack graphics-path library enables similar APIs for earlier versions of Android as well.

Mesh kustom dengan shader verteks dan fragmen

Android has long supported drawing triangle meshes with custom shading, but the input mesh format has been limited to a few predefined attribute combinations. Android 14 adds support for custom meshes, which can be defined as triangles or triangle strips, and can, optionally, be indexed. These meshes are specified with custom attributes, vertex strides, varying, and vertex and fragment shaders written in AGSL.

The vertex shader defines the varyings, such as position and color, while the fragment shader can optionally define the color for the pixel, typically by using the varyings created by the vertex shader. If color is provided by the fragment shader, it is then blended with the current Paint color using the blend mode selected when drawing the mesh. Uniforms can be passed into the fragment and vertex shaders for additional flexibility.

Perender buffer hardware untuk Canvas

To assist in using Android's Canvas API to draw with hardware acceleration into a HardwareBuffer, Android 14 introduces HardwareBufferRenderer. This API is particularly useful when your use case involves communication with the system compositor through SurfaceControl for low-latency drawing.