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前台服务类型是必填项

To help developers be more intentional with defining user-facing foreground services, Android 10 introduced the android:foregroundServiceType attribute within the <service> element.

If your app targets Android 14, it must specify appropriate foreground service types. As in previous versions of Android, multiple types can be combined. This list shows the foreground service types to choose from:

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, we strongly recommend that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

The health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse, and systemExempted types are new in Android 14.

The following code snippet provides an example of a foreground service type declaration in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

If an app that targets Android 14 doesn't define types for a given service in the manifest, then the system will raise MissingForegroundServiceTypeException upon calling startForeground() for that service.

声明新权限来使用前台服务类型

If apps that target Android 14 use a foreground service, they must declare a specific permission, based on the foreground service type, that Android 14 introduces. These permissions appear in the sections labeled "permission that you must declare in your manifest file" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

All of the permissions are defined as normal permissions and are granted by default. Users cannot revoke these permissions.

在运行时包含前台服务类型

对于启动前台服务的应用，最佳实践是使用 startForeground() 的 ServiceCompat 版本（在 androidx-core 1.12 及更高版本中提供），并在其中传入前台服务类型的按位整数。您可以选择传递一个或多个类型值。

通常，您应仅声明特定用例所需的类型。这样可以更轻松地满足系统对每种前台服务类型的预期。如果某项前台服务以多种类型启动，则该前台服务必须遵守所有类型的平台强制执行要求。

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

如果在调用中未指定前台服务类型，则类型默认为清单中定义的值。如果您未在清单中指定服务类型，系统会抛出 MissingForegroundServiceTypeException。

如果前台服务在启动后需要新权限，您应再次调用 startForeground() 并添加新的服务类型。例如，假设一款健身应用运行一项始终需要 location 信息但可能不需要 media 权限的跑步跟踪器服务。您需要在清单中同时声明 location 和 mediaPlayback。如果用户开始跑步，只希望跟踪其位置信息，您的应用应调用 startForeground()，并仅传递 location 服务类型。然后，如果用户想开始播放音频，请再次调用 startForeground() 并传递 location|mediaPlayback。

系统运行时检查

The system checks for proper use of foreground service types and confirms that the app has requested the proper runtime permissions or uses the required APIs. For instance, the system expects apps that use the foreground service type FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION type to request either ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION or ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION.

This implies that apps must follow a very specific order of operations when requesting permissions from the user and starting foreground services. Permissions must be requested and granted before the app attempts to call startForeground(). Apps that request the appropriate permissions after the foreground service has been started must change this order of operations and request the permission before starting the foreground service.

The specifics of platform enforcement appear in the sections labeled "runtime requirements" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行

为了使用给定的前台服务类型，您必须在清单文件中声明特定权限，必须满足特定的运行时要求，并且应用必须满足该类型的其中一组预期用例。以下部分介绍了您必须声明的权限、运行时前提条件以及每种类型的预期用例。

摄像头

要在 android:foregroundServiceType 下在清单中声明的前台服务类型

camera

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA

运行时前提条件

请求并获得 CAMERA 运行时权限

注意：CAMERA 运行时权限受使用时限制的约束。因此，除少数例外情况外，您无法在应用在后台运行时创建 camera 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要“使用时”权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

继续在后台访问相机，例如支持多任务的视频聊天应用。

连接的设备

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

connectedDevice

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE

运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

在清单中至少声明以下其中一项权限：
至少请求并被授予以下其中一项运行时权限：
调用 UsbManager.requestPermission()

说明

与需要蓝牙、NFC、IR、USB 或网络连接的外部设备进行互动。

替代方案

如果您的应用需要向外部设备持续传输数据，请考虑改用配套设备管理器。使用配套设备感知 API，可帮助您的应用在配套设备在范围内时保持运行。

如果您的应用需要扫描蓝牙设备，请考虑改用 Bluetooth Scan API。

数据同步

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

dataSync

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC

运行时前提条件

无

说明

数据传输操作，例如：

数据上传或下载
备份和恢复操作
导入或导出操作
获取数据
本地文件处理
通过网络在设备和云端之间传输数据

替代方案

如需了解详情，请参阅数据同步前台服务的替代方案。

健康

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

health

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH

运行时前提条件

必须至少满足以下其中一个条件：

在清单中声明 HIGH_SAMPLING_RATE_SENSORS 权限。
至少请求并被授予以下其中一项运行时权限：
- 在 API 级别 35 及更低级别上使用 BODY_SENSORS
- READ_HEART_RATE
- READ_SKIN_TEMPERATURE
- READ_OXYGEN_SATURATION
- ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION

注意：BODY_SENSORS 和基于传感器的读取运行时权限受“在使用时”限制。因此，除非您已获得 BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND（API 级别 33 到 35）或 READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND（API 级别 36 及更高级别）权限，否则您无法创建在应用处于后台运行时使用身体传感器的 health 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要使用时权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

为健身类别的应用（例如锻炼追踪器）提供支持的所有长时间运行的用例。

位置

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

location

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION

Runtime prerequisites

The user must have enabled location services and the app must be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:

Note: In order to check that the user has enabled location services as well as granted access to the runtime permissions, use PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

Note: The location runtime permissions are subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a location foreground service while your app is in the background, unless you've been granted the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION runtime permission. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Long-running use cases that require location access, such as navigation and location sharing.

Alternatives

If your app needs to be triggered when the user reaches specific locations, consider using the geofence API instead.

媒体

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaPlayback
在清单中声明的权限: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
运行时前提条件: 无
说明: 在后台继续播放音频或视频。在 Android TV 上支持数字视频录制 (DVR) 功能。
替代方案: 如果您要显示画中画视频，请使用画中画模式。

媒体投影

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType: mediaProjection
在清单中声明的权限: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
运行时前提条件: 在启动前台服务之前调用 createScreenCaptureIntent() 方法。这样做会向用户显示权限通知；用户必须先授予权限，您才能创建服务。; 创建前台服务后，您可以调用 MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection()。
说明: 使用 MediaProjection API 将内容投影到非主要显示屏或外部设备。这些内容不必全都为媒体内容。
替代方案: 如需将媒体流式传输到其他设备，请使用 Google Cast SDK。

麦克风

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型

android:foregroundServiceType

microphone

在清单中声明的权限

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE

要传递给 startForeground() 的常量

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE

运行时前提条件

请求并获得 RECORD_AUDIO 运行时权限。

注意：RECORD_AUDIO 运行时权限受使用时限制的约束。因此，除少数例外情况外，您无法在应用在后台运行时创建 microphone 前台服务。如需了解详情，请参阅与启动需要使用时权限的前台服务相关的限制。

说明

在后台继续捕获麦克风内容，例如录音器或通信应用。

致电

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

phoneCall

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL

Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

App has declared the MANAGE_OWN_CALLS permission in its manifest file.

App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.

Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

远程消息传递

要在清单中的以下位置声明的前台服务类型
android:foregroundServiceType: remoteMessaging
在清单中声明的权限: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
要传递给 startForeground() 的常量: FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
运行时前提条件: 无
说明: 将短信从一台设备转移到另一台设备。在用户切换设备时，帮助确保用户消息任务的连续性。

短期服务

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

shortService

Permission to declare in your manifest

None

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
No support for sticky foreground services.
Cannot start other foreground services.
Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

特殊用途

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

specialUse

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

系统豁免

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under

android:foregroundServiceType

systemExempted

Permission to declare in your manifest

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Constant to pass to startForeground()

FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED

Runtime prerequisites

None

Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

Device is in demo mode state
App is a Device Owner
App is a Profiler Owner
Safety Apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
Device Admin apps
Apps holding SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM or USE_EXACT_ALARM permission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms.
VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)

Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

如果您的应用以 Android 14 或更高版本为目标平台，您需要在 Play 管理中心的“应用内容”页面（政策 > 应用内容）中声明应用的前台服务类型。如需详细了解如何在 Play 管理中心内声明前台服务类型，请参阅了解前台服务和全屏 intent 要求。

前台服务类型是必填项 使用集合让一切井井有条 根据您的偏好保存内容并对其进行分类。

声明新权限来使用前台服务类型

在运行时包含前台服务类型

系统运行时检查

每种前台服务类型的预期用例和强制执行

摄像头

连接的设备

数据同步

健康

位置

媒体

媒体投影

麦克风

致电

远程消息传递

短期服务

特殊用途

系统豁免

使用前台服务类型时强制执行的 Google Play 政策

前台服务类型是必填项