I tipi di servizi in primo piano sono obbligatori

Per aiutare gli sviluppatori a definire in modo più intenzionale i servizi in primo piano rivolti agli utenti, Android 10 ha introdotto l'attributo android:foregroundServiceType all'interno dell'elemento <service>.

Se la tua app ha come target Android 14, deve specificare i tipi di servizio in primo piano appropriati. Come nelle versioni precedenti di Android, è possibile combinare più tipi. Questo elenco mostra i tipi di servizi in primo piano tra cui scegliere:

Se un caso d'uso nella tua app non è associato a nessuno di questi tipi, ti consigliamo vivamente di eseguire la migrazione della logica per utilizzare WorkManager o i job di trasferimento di dati avviati dall'utente.

I tipi health, remoteMessaging, shortService, specialUse e systemExempted sono una novità di Android 14.

Il seguente snippet di codice fornisce un esempio di dichiarazione di un tipo di servizio in primo piano nel file manifest:

<manifest ...>
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK" />
    <application ...>
      <service
          android:name=".MyMediaPlaybackService"
          android:foregroundServiceType="mediaPlayback"
          android:exported="false">
      </service>
    </application>
</manifest>

Se un'app che ha come target Android 14 non definisce i tipi per un determinato servizio nel manifest, il sistema attiverà MissingForegroundServiceTypeException quando viene chiamata startForeground() per quel servizio.

Dichiara la nuova autorizzazione per utilizzare i tipi di servizi in primo piano

If apps that target Android 14 use a foreground service, they must declare a specific permission, based on the foreground service type, that Android 14 introduces. These permissions appear in the sections labeled "permission that you must declare in your manifest file" in the intended use cases and enforcement for each foreground service type section on this page.

All of the permissions are defined as normal permissions and are granted by default. Users cannot revoke these permissions.

Includi il tipo di servizio in primo piano in fase di esecuzione

The best practice for applications starting foreground services is to use the ServiceCompat version of startForeground() (available in androidx-core 1.12 and higher) where you pass in a bitwise integer of foreground service types. You can choose to pass one or more type values.

Usually, you should declare only the types required for a particular use case. This makes it easier to meet the system's expectations for each foreground service type. In cases where a foreground service is started with multiple types, then the foreground service must adhere to the platform enforcement requirements of all types.

ServiceCompat.startForeground(0, notification, FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION)

If the foreground service type is not specified in the call, the type defaults to the values defined in the manifest. If you didn't specify the service type in the manifest, the system throws MissingForegroundServiceTypeException.

If the foreground service needs new permissions after you launch it, you should call startForeground() again and add the new service types. For example, suppose a fitness app runs a running-tracker service that always needs location information, but might or might not need media permissions. You would need to declare both location and mediaPlayback in the manifest. If a user starts a run and just wants their location tracked, your app should call startForeground() and pass just the location service type. Then, if the user wants to start playing audio, call startForeground() again and pass location|mediaPlayback.

Controlli di runtime del sistema

Il sistema controlla l'utilizzo corretto dei tipi di servizi in primo piano e conferma che l'app abbia richiesto le autorizzazioni di runtime appropriate o utilizzi le API richieste. Ad esempio, il sistema si aspetta che le app che utilizzano il tipo di servizio in primo piano FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION richiedano ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION o ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION.

Ciò implica che le app devono seguire un ordine di operazioni molto specifico quando richiedono autorizzazioni all'utente e avviano i servizi in primo piano. Le autorizzazioni devono essere richieste e concesse prima che l'app tenti di chiamare startForeground(). Le app che richiedono le autorizzazioni appropriate dopo l'avvio del servizio in primo piano devono modificare questo ordine di operazioni e richiedere l'autorizzazione prima di avviare il servizio in primo piano.

Le specifiche dell'applicazione della piattaforma vengono visualizzate nelle sezioni etichettate come "Requisiti di runtime" nella sezione Casi d'uso previsti e applicazione per ogni tipo di servizio in primo piano di questa pagina.

Casi d'uso previsti e applicazione forzata per ogni tipo di servizio in primo piano

Per utilizzare un determinato tipo di servizio in primo piano, devi dichiarare una determinata autorizzazione nel file manifest, soddisfare requisiti di runtime specifici e la tua app deve soddisfare uno degli insiemi di casi d'uso previsti per quel tipo. Le sezioni seguenti spiegano l'autorizzazione che devi dichiarare, i prerequisiti di runtime e i casi d'uso previsti per ciascun tipo.

Fotocamera

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under android:foregroundServiceType
camera
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CAMERA
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CAMERA
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the CAMERA runtime permission

Note: The CAMERA runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a camera foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue to access the camera from the background, such as video chat apps that allow for multitasking.

Dispositivo connesso

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
connectedDevice
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_CONNECTED_DEVICE
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of the following conditions must be true:

Description

Interactions with external devices that require a Bluetooth, NFC, IR, USB, or network connection.

Alternatives

If your app needs to do continuous data transfer to an external device, consider using the companion device manager instead. Use the companion device presence API to help your app stay running while the companion device is in range.

If your app needs to scan for bluetooth devices, consider using the Bluetooth scan API instead.

Sincronizzazione dati

Tipo di servizio in primo piano da dichiarare nel manifest in
android:foregroundServiceType
dataSync
Autorizzazione da dichiarare nel file manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_DATA_SYNC
Costante da passare a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_DATA_SYNC
Prerequisiti di runtime
Nessuna
Descrizione

Operazioni di trasferimento dati, ad esempio:

  • Caricamento o download di dati
  • Operazioni di backup e ripristino
  • Operazioni di importazione o esportazione
  • Recupera dati
  • Elaborazione file locale
  • Trasferire dati tra un dispositivo e il cloud tramite una rete
Alternative

Per informazioni dettagliate, vedi Alternative ai servizi in primo piano per la sincronizzazione dei dati.

Salute

Tipo di servizio in primo piano da dichiarare nel manifest in
android:foregroundServiceType
health
Autorizzazione da dichiarare nel file manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_HEALTH
Costante da passare a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
Prerequisiti di runtime

Deve essere vera almeno una delle seguenti condizioni:

Nota: le autorizzazioni di runtime BODY_SENSORS e LETTURA basate su sensori sono soggette a restrizioni durante l'uso. Per questo motivo, non puoi creare un servizio in primo piano health che utilizza i sensori del corpo mentre la tua app è in background, a meno che non ti siano state concesse le autorizzazioni BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND (livello API da 33 a 35) o READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND (livello API 36 e versioni successive). Per ulteriori informazioni, consulta Limitazioni all'avvio dei servizi in primo piano che necessitano di autorizzazioni durante l'utilizzo.

Descrizione

Eventuali casi d'uso di lunga durata per supportare le app nella categoria fitness, come i tracker per l'esercizio fisico.

Posizione

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
location
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_LOCATION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_LOCATION
Runtime prerequisites

The user must have enabled location services and the app must be granted at least one of the following runtime permissions:

Note: In order to check that the user has enabled location services as well as granted access to the runtime permissions, use PermissionChecker#checkSelfPermission()

Note: The location runtime permissions are subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a location foreground service while your app is in the background, unless you've been granted the ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION runtime permission. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Long-running use cases that require location access, such as navigation and location sharing.

Alternatives

If your app needs to be triggered when the user reaches specific locations, consider using the geofence API instead.

Contenuti multimediali

Tipo di servizio in primo piano da dichiarare nel manifest in
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaPlayback
Autorizzazione da dichiarare nel file manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Costante da passare a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYBACK
Prerequisiti di runtime
Nessuna
Descrizione
Continua la riproduzione audio o video in background. Supporta la funzionalità di registrazione video digitale (DVR) su Android TV.
Alternative
Se stai mostrando un video in modalità Picture in picture, utilizza la modalità Picture in picture.

Proiezione di contenuti multimediali

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
mediaProjection
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MEDIA_PROJECTION
Runtime prerequisites

Call the createScreenCaptureIntent() method before starting the foreground service. Doing so shows a permission notification to the user; the user must grant the permission before you can create the service.

After you have created the foreground service, you can call MediaProjectionManager.getMediaProjection().

Description

Project content to non-primary display or external device using the MediaProjection APIs. This content doesn't have to be exclusively media content.

Alternatives

To stream media to another device, use the Google Cast SDK.

Microfono

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
microphone
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_MICROPHONE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_MICROPHONE
Runtime prerequisites

Request and be granted the RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission.

Note: The RECORD_AUDIO runtime permission is subject to while-in-use restrictions. For this reason, you cannot create a microphone foreground service while your app is in the background, with a few exceptions. For more information, see Restrictions on starting foreground services that need while-in-use permissions.

Description

Continue microphone capture from the background, such as voice recorders or communication apps.

Telefonata

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
phoneCall
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_PHONE_CALL
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_PHONE_CALL
Runtime prerequisites

At least one of these conditions must be true:

  • App is the default dialer app through the ROLE_DIALER role.
Description

Continue an ongoing call using the ConnectionService APIs.

Alternatives

If you need to make phone, video, or VoIP calls, consider using the android.telecom library.

Consider using CallScreeningService to screen calls.

Messaggistica remota

Tipo di servizio in primo piano da dichiarare nel manifest in
android:foregroundServiceType
remoteMessaging
Autorizzazione da dichiarare nel file manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Costante da passare a startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_REMOTE_MESSAGING
Prerequisiti di runtime
Nessuna
Descrizione
Trasferisci i messaggi da un dispositivo all'altro. Assiste con la continuità delle attività di messaggistica di un utente quando cambia dispositivo.

Servizio di Short

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
shortService
Permission to declare in your manifest
None
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Quickly finish critical work that cannot be interrupted or postponed.

This type has some unique characteristics:

  • Can only run for a short period of time (about 3 minutes).
  • No support for sticky foreground services.
  • Cannot start other foreground services.
  • Doesn't require a type-specific permission, though it still requires the FOREGROUND_SERVICE permission.
  • A shortService can only change to another service type if the app is currently eligible to start a new foreground service.
  • A foreground service can change its type to shortService at any time, at which point the timeout period begins.

The timeout for shortService begins from the moment that Service.startForeground() is called. The app is expected to call Service.stopSelf() or Service.stopForeground() before the timeout occurs. Otherwise, the new Service.onTimeout() is called, giving apps a brief opportunity to call stopSelf() or stopForeground() to stop their service.

A short time after Service.onTimeout() is called, the app enters a cached state and is no longer considered to be in the foreground, unless the user is actively interacting with the app. A short time after the app is cached and the service has not stopped, the app receives an ANR. The ANR message mentions FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE. For these reasons, it's considered best practice to implement the Service.onTimeout() callback.

The Service.onTimeout() callback doesn't exist on Android 13 and lower. If the same service runs on such devices, it doesn't receive a timeout, nor does it ANR. Make sure that your service stops as soon as it finishes the processing task, even if it hasn't received the Service.onTimeout() callback yet.

It's important to note that if the timeout of the shortService is not respected, the app will ANR even if it has other valid foreground services or other app lifecycle processes running.

If an app is visible to the user or satisfies one of the exemptions that allow foreground services to be started from the background, calling Service.StartForeground() again with the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SHORT_SERVICE parameter extends the timeout by another 3 minutes. If the app isn't visible to the user and doesn't satisfy one of the exemptions, any attempt to start another foreground service, regardless of type, causes a ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException.

If a user disables battery optimization for your app, it's still affected by the timeout of shortService FGS.

If you start a foreground service that includes the shortService type and another foreground service type, the system ignores the shortService type declaration. However, the service must still adhere to the prerequisites of the other declared types. For more information, see the Foreground services documentation.

Uso speciale

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
specialUse
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Covers any valid foreground service use cases that aren't covered by the other foreground service types.

In addition to declaring the FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SPECIAL_USE foreground service type, developers should declare use cases in the manifest. To do so, they specify the <property> element within the <service> element. These values and corresponding use cases are reviewed when you submit your app in the Google Play Console. The use cases you provide are free-form, and you should make sure to provide enough information to let the reviewer see why you need to use the specialUse type.

<service android:name="fooService" android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse">
  <property android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
      android:value="explanation_for_special_use"/>
</service>

Esenzione dal sistema

Foreground service type to declare in manifest under
android:foregroundServiceType
systemExempted
Permission to declare in your manifest
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Constant to pass to startForeground()
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_SYSTEM_EXEMPTED
Runtime prerequisites
None
Description

Reserved for system applications and specific system integrations, to continue to use foreground services.

To use this type, an app must meet at least one of the following criteria:

  • Device is in demo mode state
  • App is a Device Owner
  • App is a Profiler Owner
  • Safety Apps that have the ROLE_EMERGENCY role
  • Device Admin apps
  • Apps holding SCHEDULE_EXACT_ALARM or USE_EXACT_ALARM permission and are using Foreground Service to continue alarms in the background, including haptics-only alarms.

  • VPN apps (configured using Settings > Network & Internet > VPN)

    Otherwise, declaring this type causes the system to throw a ForegroundServiceTypeNotAllowedException.

Applicazione delle norme di Google Play per l'utilizzo dei tipi di servizi in primo piano

Se la tua app ha come target Android 14 o versioni successive, devi dichiarare i tipi di servizi in primo piano della tua app nella pagina Contenuti app di Play Console (Norme > Contenuti app). Per ulteriori informazioni su come dichiarare i tipi di servizio in primo piano in Play Console, consulta Informazioni sui requisiti relativi al servizio in primo piano e all'intent a schermo intero.