和先前版本一樣,Android 14 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 以上版本,建議您視情況修改應用程式,以支援這些行為。
此外,無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion
為何,請務必查看影響所有在 Android 14 上執行的應用程式行為變更清單。
核心功能
必須提供前景服務類型
如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本為目標,則必須為應用程式中的每種前景服務指定至少一種前景服務類型。您應選擇代表應用程式用途的前景服務類型。系統會預期具有特定類型的前景服務,以滿足特定用途。
如果應用程式的用途與上述任一類型無關,強烈建議您遷移邏輯,以使用 WorkManager 或使用者啟動的資料移轉工作。
在 BluetoothAdapter 中強制執行 BLUETOOTH_CONNECT 權限
Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
permission when calling the
BluetoothAdapter
getProfileConnectionState()
method for apps targeting
Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.
This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
permission, but it was not
enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
in your app's
AndroidManifest.xml
file as shown in the following snippet and check that
a user has granted the permission before calling
getProfileConnectionState
.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />
OpenJDK 17 更新
Android 14 持續更新 Android 核心程式庫,以便與最新版 OpenJDK LTS 中的功能保持一致,其中包括程式庫更新以及應用程式與平台開發人員的 Java 17 語言支援。
以下部分變更可能會影響應用程式相容性:
- 規則運算式的變更:系統現在不允許無效的群組參照,以便更符合 OpenJDK 的語義學。您可能會發現
java.util.regex.Matcher
類別擲回IllegalArgumentException
的新案例,因此請務必就使用規則運算式的應用程式層面進行測試。如要在測試時啟用或停用這項變更,請使用相容性架構工具切換DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE
標記。 - UUID 處理:現在
java.util.UUID.fromString()
方法在驗證輸入引數時會執行更嚴格的檢查,因此反序列化程序期間可能會出現IllegalArgumentException
。如要在測試時啟用或停用這項變更,請使用相容性架構工具切換ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION
標記。 - ProGuard 問題:在某些情況下,新增
java.lang.ClassValue
類別後,當您嘗試使用 ProGuard 縮減、模糊處理及最佳化應用程式時,可能會出現問題。問題出在 Kotlin 程式庫,因為此程式庫會根據Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue")
是否傳回類別來變更執行階段的行為。如果您的應用程式是在缺乏java.lang.ClassValue
類別的情況下,根據舊版執行階段開發,則這些最佳化做法可能會在類別中移除衍生自java.lang.ClassValue
的computeValue
方法。
JobScheduler 強化回呼和網路行為
自推出以來,JobScheduler 就會在幾秒內,從 onStartJob
或 onStopJob
傳回應用程式。在 Android 14 以下版本
如果工作的執行時間過長,工作就會停止,且失敗並顯示通知。
如果應用程式指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本,且主執行緒的授權時間超過指定時間,應用程式就會觸發 ANR,並顯示「No response to onStartJob
」或「No response to onStopJob
」錯誤訊息。
這個 ANR 可能會發生在 2 種情況下:
1. 有工作會阻斷主執行緒,導致回呼 onStartJob
或 onStopJob
無法在預期的時間限制內執行及完成。2. 開發人員在 JobScheduler 回呼 onStartJob
或 onStopJob
中執行封鎖工作,導致回呼無法在預期的時間限制內完成。
如要解決 #1 問題,您需要進一步偵錯,解決主執行緒遭到阻斷的原因
您就可以使用
按下 ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream()
即可取得空值標記
以及追蹤 ANR 事件的時間點如果您可以手動重現 ANR,可以記錄系統追蹤記錄,並使用 Android Studio 或 Perfetto 檢查追蹤記錄,進一步瞭解發生 ANR 時主執行緒正在執行的作業。請注意,直接使用 JobScheduler API 時,可能會發生這種情況
或使用 androidx 程式庫 WorkManager
如要解決 #2 問題,請考慮遷移至 WorkManager,
支援包裝 onStartJob
或 onStopJob
中的任何處理程序
在非同步執行緒中運作
JobScheduler
也會引進一項規定,宣告
ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
權限 (若使用 setRequiredNetworkType
或
setRequiredNetwork
限制條件。如果應用程式在安排工作時未宣告 ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE
權限,且指定 Android 14 以上版本,則會導致 SecurityException
。
資訊方塊啟動 API
針對指定 14 以上版本為目標的應用程式,TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent)
已遭淘汰,現在呼叫時會擲回例外狀況。如果您的應用程式從資訊方塊啟動活動,請使用
TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent)
。
隱私權
相片和影片的部分存取權
Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.
This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.
If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to
maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation
to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED
permission. If your app
doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility
mode.
使用者體驗
安全的全螢幕意圖通知
With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use
Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent
to send full-screen
intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by
declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT
permission in the
AndroidManifest.
Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority
notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming
phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting
Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this
permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google
Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT
permissions for any apps
that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31,
2024.
This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.
You can use the new API
NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent
to check if your app
has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent
ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT
to launch the settings
page where users can grant the permission.
安全性
隱含和待處理意圖的限制
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:
- Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
- If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.
These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.
For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:
<activity
android:name=".AppActivity"
android:exported="false">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an
ActivityNotFoundException
exception would be thrown:
Kotlin
// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14. context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))
Java
// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14. context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));
To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:
Kotlin
// This makes the intent explicit. val explicitIntent = Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION") explicitIntent.apply { package = context.packageName } context.startActivity(explicitIntent)
Java
// This makes the intent explicit. Intent explicitIntent = new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION") explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName()); context.startActivity(explicitIntent);
已註冊執行階段的廣播接收器必須指定匯出行為
Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use
context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag
to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on
the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED
or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED
, respectively.
This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging
the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.
Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts
If your app is registering a receiver only for
system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver
methods, such as Context#registerReceiver()
, then it
shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.
更安全的動態程式碼載入
如果您的應用程式指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本,並且使用動態程式碼載入 (DCL),則所有動態載入的檔案都必須標示為唯讀。否則系統會擲回例外狀況。我們建議應用程式盡量避免使用動態載入程式碼,否則應用程式很可能會因為程式碼插入或竄改程式碼而無法正常運作。
如果您必須動態載入程式碼,請使用下列設定方法,在開啟檔案時和寫入任何內容之前,將動態載入的檔案 (例如 DEX、JAR 或 APK 檔案) 設定為唯讀:
Kotlin
val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar") val os = FileOutputStream(jar) os.use { // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions jar.setReadOnly() // Then write the actual file content } val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)
Java
File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar"); try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) { // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions jar.setReadOnly(); // Then write the actual file content } catch (IOException e) { ... } PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);
處理已存在的動態載入檔案
為避免現有的動態載入檔案擲回例外狀況,建議您先刪除並重新建立檔案,然後再嘗試在應用程式中動態載入這些檔案。重新建立檔案時,請按照上述指示,在寫入時將檔案標記為唯讀。或者,您也可以將現有檔案重新標示為唯讀,但在此類情況下,我們強烈建議您先驗證檔案的完整性 (例如,檢查檔案的簽名與受信任的值是否一致),以避免應用程式遭到惡意攻擊。
從背景啟動活動的額外限制
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:
- When an app sends a
PendingIntent
usingPendingIntent#send()
or similar methods, the app must opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to start the pending intent. To opt in, the app should pass anActivityOptions
bundle withsetPendingIntentBackgroundActivityStartMode(MODE_BACKGROUND_ACTIVITY_START_ALLOWED)
. - When a visible app binds a service of another app that's in the background
using the
bindService()
method, the visible app must now opt in if it wants to grant its own background activity launch privileges to the bound service. To opt in, the app should include theBIND_ALLOW_ACTIVITY_STARTS
flag when calling thebindService()
method.
These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.
Zip Path Traversal
針對指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以上版本的應用程式,如果 ZIP 檔案的項目名稱包含「..」或開頭為「/」,Android 會透過下列方式避免 Zip Path Traversal 安全漏洞:ZipFile(String)
和 ZipInputStream.getNextEntry()
會擲回 ZipException
。
應用程式可透過呼叫 dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback()
,選擇不採用此驗證。
每個 MediaProjection 擷取工作階段都必須取得使用者同意
For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException
is
thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
in either of the following
scenarios:
- Your app caches the
Intent
that is returned fromMediaProjectionManager#createScreenCaptureIntent
, and passes it multiple times toMediaProjectionManager#getMediaProjection
. - Your app invokes
MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
multiple times on the sameMediaProjection
instance.
Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single
capture session is a single invocation on
MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
, and each MediaProjection
instance must
be used only once.
Handle configuration changes
If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
to handle
configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing),
you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay
for the existing
MediaProjection
instance:
- Invoke
VirtualDisplay#resize
with the new width and height. - Provide a new
Surface
with the new width and height toVirtualDisplay#setSurface
.
Register a callback
Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant
consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement
Callback#onStop
and have your app release any related resources (such as
the VirtualDisplay
and Surface
).
If your app doesn't register this callback,
MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay
throws an IllegalStateException
when your app invokes it.
更新非 SDK 限制
基於與 Android 開發人員合作及最新的內部測試,Android 14 包含更新後的受限制非 SDK 介面清單。在限制非 SDK 介面之前,我們盡可能確保公開替代方案的可得性。
如果您的應用程式並非以 Android 14 為目標版本,則此處所述的某些變更可能不會立即對您造成影響。雖然您目前可以使用某些非 SDK 介面 (視應用程式的目標 API 級別而定),但使用任何非 SDK 方法或欄位時,均可能面臨應用程式故障的高度風險。
如果不確定應用程式是否使用非 SDK 介面,可對應用程式進行測試以便確認。如果您的應用程式仰賴非 SDK 介面,則建議您開始規劃遷移至 SDK 替代方案。不過,我們瞭解有些應用程式可使用非 SDK 介面運作。如果您除了為應用程式中的某個功能使用非 SDK 介面外,已別無他法,則應要求新的公用 API。
如要進一步瞭解此 Android 版本中的變更,請參閱 Android 14 的非 SDK 介面限制更新。 如要進一步瞭解非 SDK 介面的一般資訊,請參閱非 SDK 介面的限制。