Perubahan perilaku: Aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 atau yang lebih tinggi

Seperti rilis sebelumnya, Android 14 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku khusus bagi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (level API 34) atau yang lebih tinggi. Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 14 atau yang lebih tinggi, Anda harus memodifikasi aplikasi untuk mendukung perilaku ini dengan benar, jika berlaku.

Pastikan Anda juga meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang memengaruhi semua aplikasi yang berjalan di Android 14, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion aplikasi.

Fungsi inti

Jenis layanan latar depan wajib diisi

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, it must specify at least one foreground service type for each foreground service within your app. You should choose a foreground service type that represents your app's use case. The system expects foreground services that have a particular type to satisfy a particular use case.

If a use case in your app isn't associated with any of these types, it's strongly recommended that you migrate your logic to use WorkManager or user-initiated data transfer jobs.

Penerapan izin BLUETOOTH_CONNECT di BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Update OpenJDK 17

Android 14 continues the work of refreshing Android's core libraries to align with the features in the latest OpenJDK LTS releases, including both library updates and Java 17 language support for app and platform developers.

A few of these changes can affect app compatibility:

  • Changes to regular expressions: Invalid group references are now disallowed to more closely follow the semantics of OpenJDK. You might see new cases where an IllegalArgumentException is thrown by the java.util.regex.Matcher class, so make sure to test your app for areas that use regular expressions. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • UUID handling: The java.util.UUID.fromString() method now does more strict checks when validating the input argument, so you might see an IllegalArgumentException during deserialization. To enable or disable this change while testing, toggle the ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION flag using the compatibility framework tools.
  • ProGuard issues: In some cases, the addition of the java.lang.ClassValue class causes an issue if you try to shrink, obfuscate, and optimize your app using ProGuard. The problem originates with a Kotlin library that changes runtime behaviour based on whether Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") returns a class or not. If your app was developed against an older version of the runtime without the java.lang.ClassValue class available, then these optimizations might remove the computeValue method from classes derived from java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler memperkuat perilaku callback dan jaringan

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

API peluncuran kartu

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Privasi

Akses sebagian ke foto dan video

Android 14 introduces Selected Photos Access, which allows users to grant apps access to specific images and videos in their library, rather than granting access to all media of a given type.

This change is only enabled if your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher. If you don't use the photo picker yet, we recommend implementing it in your app to provide a consistent experience for selecting images and videos that also enhances user privacy without having to request any storage permissions.

If you maintain your own gallery picker using storage permissions and need to maintain full control over your implementation, adapt your implementation to use the new READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED permission. If your app doesn't use the new permission, the system runs your app in a compatibility mode.

Pengalaman pengguna

Notifikasi Intent layar penuh yang aman

Dengan Android 11 (API level 30), aplikasi apa pun dapat menggunakan Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent untuk mengirim intent layar penuh saat ponsel terkunci. Anda dapat memberikannya secara otomatis saat penginstalan aplikasi dengan mendeklarasikan izin USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT di AndroidManifest.

Notifikasi intent layar penuh dirancang untuk notifikasi dengan prioritas sangat tinggi yang meminta perhatian segera pengguna, seperti setelan panggilan telepon masuk atau jam alarm yang dikonfigurasi oleh pengguna. Untuk aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 14 (API level 34) atau yang lebih tinggi, aplikasi yang diizinkan untuk menggunakan izin ini terbatas pada aplikasi yang hanya menyediakan panggilan dan alarm. Google Play Store mencabut izin USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT default untuk aplikasi apa pun yang tidak sesuai dengan profil ini. Batas waktu untuk perubahan kebijakan ini adalah 31 Mei 2024.

Izin ini tetap diaktifkan untuk aplikasi yang diinstal di ponsel sebelum pengguna mengupdate ke Android 14. Pengguna dapat mengaktifkan dan menonaktifkan izin ini.

Anda dapat menggunakan API baru NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent untuk memeriksa apakah aplikasi Anda memiliki izin. Jika tidak, aplikasi Anda dapat menggunakan intent baru ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT untuk meluncurkan halaman setelan tempat pengguna dapat memberikan izin.

Keamanan

Pembatasan ke intent yang implisit dan tertunda

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

  • Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
  • If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Penerima siaran yang terdaftar runtime harus menentukan perilaku ekspor

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Pemuatan kode dinamis yang lebih aman

Jika aplikasi Anda menargetkan Android 14 (level API 34) atau yang lebih tinggi dan menggunakan Pemuatan Kode Dinamis (DCL), semua file yang dimuat secara dinamis harus ditandai sebagai hanya baca. Jika tidak, sistem akan menampilkan pengecualian. Sebaiknya aplikasi menghindari memuat kode secara dinamis jika memungkinkan, karena hal itu akan sangat meningkatkan risiko aplikasi disusupi oleh injeksi kode atau sabotase kode.

Jika Anda harus memuat kode secara dinamis, gunakan pendekatan berikut untuk menetapkan file yang dimuat secara dinamis (seperti file DEX, JAR, atau APK) sebagai file hanya baca, segera setelah file dibuka dan sebelum konten apa pun ditulis:

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Menangani file yang dimuat secara dinamis dan sudah ada

Agar pengecualian tidak ditampilkan untuk file yang dimuat secara dinamis dan sudah ada, sebaiknya hapus dan buat ulang file sebelum Anda mencoba lagi memuatnya secara dinamis di aplikasi Anda. Saat Anda membuat ulang file, ikuti panduan sebelumnya untuk menandai file sebagai hanya baca pada waktu penulisan. Atau, Anda dapat melabeli ulang file yang ada sebagai hanya baca, tetapi dalam kasus ini, kami sangat menyarankan Anda untuk memverifikasi integritas file terlebih dahulu (misalnya dengan memeriksa tanda tangan file terhadap nilai tepercaya) untuk membantu melindungi aplikasi Anda dari tindakan berbahaya.

Batasan tambahan dalam memulai aktivitas dari latar belakang

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Zip path traversal

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

  1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
  2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

Pembatasan non-SDK yang diperbarui

Android 14 menyertakan daftar terbaru antarmuka non-SDK yang dibatasi berdasarkan kolaborasi dengan developer Android dan pengujian internal terbaru. Jika memungkinkan, kami akan memastikan ketersediaan alternatif publik sebelum membatasi antarmuka non-SDK.

Jika aplikasi Anda tidak menargetkan Android 14, beberapa perubahan ini mungkin tidak langsung memengaruhi Anda. Namun, meskipun saat ini Anda dapat menggunakan beberapa antarmuka non-SDK (bergantung pada API level target aplikasi Anda), penggunaan metode atau kolom non-SDK tetap sangat berisiko merusak aplikasi Anda.

Jika tidak yakin apakah aplikasi Anda menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK atau tidak, Anda dapat menguji aplikasi untuk mencari tahu. Jika aplikasi Anda mengandalkan antarmuka non-SDK, sebaiknya mulailah merencanakan migrasi ke alternatif SDK. Meskipun begitu, kami paham bahwa beberapa aplikasi memiliki kasus penggunaan yang valid untuk menggunakan antarmuka non-SDK. Jika tidak dapat menemukan alternatif penggunaan antarmuka non-SDK untuk fitur dalam aplikasi Anda, sebaiknya minta API publik baru.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.