Modifications de comportement : applications ciblant Android 14 ou version ultérieure

Comme les versions précédentes, Android 14 apporte des modifications de comportement pouvant affecter votre application. Les modifications de comportement suivantes s'appliquent exclusivement aux applications qui ciblent Android 14 (niveau d'API 34) ou version ultérieure. Si votre application cible Android 14 ou une version ultérieure, vous devez la modifier pour qu'elle prenne en charge ces comportements, le cas échéant.

Veillez également à consulter la liste des modifications de comportement qui affectent toutes les applications exécutées sur Android 14, peu importe la targetSdkVersion de l'application.

Fonctionnalité de base

Le type de service au premier plan doit être indiqué

Si votre application cible Android 14 (niveau d'API 34) ou version ultérieure, elle doit spécifier au moins un type de service de premier plan pour chaque service de premier plan dans votre application. Vous devez choisir un type de service de premier plan qui représente le cas d'utilisation de votre application. Le système s'attend à ce que des services de premier plan présentant un type particulier répondent à un cas d'utilisation particulier.

Si un cas d'utilisation dans votre application n'est associé à aucun de ces types, il est fortement recommandé de migrer votre logique pour utiliser WorkManager ou les tâches de transfert de données déclenchées par l'utilisateur.

Application de l'autorisation BLUETOOTH_CONNECT dans BluetoothAdapter

Android 14 enforces the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission when calling the BluetoothAdapter getProfileConnectionState() method for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher.

This method already required the BLUETOOTH_CONNECT permission, but it was not enforced. Make sure your app declares BLUETOOTH_CONNECT in your app's AndroidManifest.xml file as shown in the following snippet and check that a user has granted the permission before calling getProfileConnectionState.

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" />

Mises à jour OpenJDK 17

Android 14 poursuit le travail d'actualisation des principales bibliothèques Android afin de s'adapter aux fonctionnalités des dernières versions d'OpenJDK LTS, y compris les mises à jour de la bibliothèque et la compatibilité avec le langage Java 17 pour les développeurs d'applications et de plates-formes.

Quelques modifications peuvent avoir un impact sur la compatibilité des applications :

  • Modifications apportées aux expressions régulières : les références de groupe non valides sont désormais interdites afin de suivre de manière plus fidèle la sémantique d'OpenJDK. Vous pouvez rencontrer de nouveaux cas où une IllegalArgumentException est générée par la classe java.util.regex.Matcher. Veillez donc à tester votre application pour les éléments qui utilisent des expressions régulières. Pour activer ou désactiver cette modification lors des tests, activez/désactivez l'indicateur DISALLOW_INVALID_GROUP_REFERENCE à l'aide des outils du framework de compatibilité.
  • Gestion de l'UUID : la méthode java.util.UUID.fromString() effectue désormais des contrôles plus stricts lors de la validation de l'argument d'entrée. Vous pouvez donc voir une IllegalArgumentException pendant la désérialisation. Pour activer ou désactiver cette modification lors des tests, activez/désactivez l'indicateur ENABLE_STRICT_VALIDATION à l'aide des outils du framework de compatibilité.
  • Problèmes avec ProGuard : dans certains cas, l'ajout de la classe java.lang.ClassValue cause un problème si vous essayez de réduire, d'obscurcir ou d'optimiser votre application avec ProGuard. Le problème provient d'une bibliothèque Kotlin qui modifie le comportement d'exécution selon que Class.forName("java.lang.ClassValue") renvoie une classe ou non. Si votre application a été développée avec une ancienne version de l'environnement d'exécution sans la classe java.lang.ClassValue disponible, ces optimisations peuvent supprimer la méthode computeValue des classes dérivées de java.lang.ClassValue.

JobScheduler renforce le comportement des rappels et du réseau

Since its introduction, JobScheduler expects your app to return from onStartJob or onStopJob within a few seconds. Prior to Android 14, if a job runs too long, the job is stopped and fails silently. If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and exceeds the granted time on the main thread, the app triggers an ANR with the error message "No response to onStartJob" or "No response to onStopJob".

This ANR may be a result of 2 scenarios: 1. There is work blocking the main thread, preventing the callbacks onStartJob or onStopJob from executing and completing within the expected time limit. 2. The developer is running blocking work within the JobScheduler callback onStartJob or onStopJob, preventing the callback from completing within the expected time limit.

To address #1, you will need to further debug what is blocking the main thread when the ANR occurs, you can do this using ApplicationExitInfo#getTraceInputStream() to get the tombstone trace when the ANR occurs. If you're able to manually reproduce the ANR, you can record a system trace and inspect the trace using either Android Studio or Perfetto to better understand what is running on the main thread when the ANR occurs. Note that this can happen when using JobScheduler API directly or using the androidx library WorkManager.

To address #2, consider migrating to WorkManager, which provides support for wrapping any processing in onStartJob or onStopJob in an asynchronous thread.

JobScheduler also introduces a requirement to declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission if using setRequiredNetworkType or setRequiredNetwork constraint. If your app does not declare the ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE permission when scheduling the job and is targeting Android 14 or higher, it will result in a SecurityException.

API de lancement des cartes

For apps targeting 14 and higher, TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(Intent) is deprecated and now throws an exception when called. If your app launches activities from tiles, use TileService#startActivityAndCollapse(PendingIntent) instead.

Confidentialité

Accès limité aux photos et vidéos

Android 14 introduit l'accès aux photos sélectionnées, qui permet aux utilisateurs d'autoriser les applications à accéder à des images et des vidéos spécifiques de leur bibliothèque, plutôt qu'à l'ensemble des contenus multimédias d'un type donné.

Cette modification n'est activée que si votre application cible Android 14 (niveau d'API 34) ou version ultérieure. Si vous n'utilisez pas encore le sélecteur de photos, nous vous recommandons de l'implémenter dans votre application afin de fournir une expérience cohérente pour la sélection d'images et de vidéos, qui améliore également la confidentialité des utilisateurs sans avoir à demander d'autorisations de stockage.

Si vous gérez votre propre sélecteur de galerie à l'aide d'autorisations de stockage et que vous devez conserver un contrôle total sur votre implémentation, adaptez votre implémentation pour utiliser la nouvelle autorisation READ_MEDIA_VISUAL_USER_SELECTED. Si votre application n'utilise pas la nouvelle autorisation, le système l'exécute en mode de compatibilité.

Expérience utilisateur

Notifications d'intent plein écran sécurisées

With Android 11 (API level 30), it was possible for any app to use Notification.Builder.setFullScreenIntent to send full-screen intents while the phone is locked. You could auto-grant this on app install by declaring USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permission in the AndroidManifest.

Full-screen intent notifications are designed for extremely high-priority notifications demanding the user's immediate attention, such as an incoming phone call or alarm clock settings configured by the user. For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, apps that are allowed to use this permission are limited to those that provide calling and alarms only. The Google Play Store revokes default USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT permissions for any apps that don't fit this profile. The deadline for these policy changes is May 31, 2024.

This permission remains enabled for apps installed on the phone before the user updates to Android 14. Users can turn this permission on and off.

You can use the new API NotificationManager.canUseFullScreenIntent to check if your app has the permission; if not, your app can use the new intent ACTION_MANAGE_APP_USE_FULL_SCREEN_INTENT to launch the settings page where users can grant the permission.

Sécurité

Restrictions concernant les intents implicites et en attente

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android restricts apps from sending implicit intents to internal app components in the following ways:

  • Implicit intents are only delivered to exported components. Apps must either use an explicit intent to deliver to unexported components, or mark the component as exported.
  • If an app creates a mutable pending intent with an intent that doesn't specify a component or package, the system throws an exception.

These changes prevent malicious apps from intercepting implicit intents that are intended for use by an app's internal components.

For example, here is an intent filter that could be declared in your app's manifest file:

<activity
    android:name=".AppActivity"
    android:exported="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.example.action.APP_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

If your app tried to launch this activity using an implicit intent, an ActivityNotFoundException exception would be thrown:

Kotlin

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"))

Java

// Throws an ActivityNotFoundException exception when targeting Android 14.
context.startActivity(new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION"));

To launch the non-exported activity, your app should use an explicit intent instead:

Kotlin

// This makes the intent explicit.
val explicitIntent =
        Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.apply {
    package = context.packageName
}
context.startActivity(explicitIntent)

Java

// This makes the intent explicit.
Intent explicitIntent =
        new Intent("com.example.action.APP_ACTION")
explicitIntent.setPackage(context.getPackageName());
context.startActivity(explicitIntent);

Les broadcasts receivers enregistrés lors de l'exécution doivent spécifier le comportement d'exportation

Apps and services that target Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and use context-registered receivers are required to specify a flag to indicate whether or not the receiver should be exported to all other apps on the device: either RECEIVER_EXPORTED or RECEIVER_NOT_EXPORTED, respectively. This requirement helps protect apps from security vulnerabilities by leveraging the features for these receivers introduced in Android 13.

Exception for receivers that receive only system broadcasts

If your app is registering a receiver only for system broadcasts through Context#registerReceiver methods, such as Context#registerReceiver(), then it shouldn't specify a flag when registering the receiver.

Chargement de code dynamique plus sécurisé

If your app targets Android 14 (API level 34) or higher and uses Dynamic Code Loading (DCL), all dynamically-loaded files must be marked as read-only. Otherwise, the system throws an exception. We recommend that apps avoid dynamically loading code whenever possible, as doing so greatly increases the risk that an app can be compromised by code injection or code tampering.

If you must dynamically load code, use the following approach to set the dynamically-loaded file (such as a DEX, JAR, or APK file) as read-only as soon as the file is opened and before any content is written:

Kotlin

val jar = File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar")
val os = FileOutputStream(jar)
os.use {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly()
    // Then write the actual file content
}
val cl = PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader)

Java

File jar = new File("DYNAMICALLY_LOADED_FILE.jar");
try (FileOutputStream os = new FileOutputStream(jar)) {
    // Set the file to read-only first to prevent race conditions
    jar.setReadOnly();
    // Then write the actual file content
} catch (IOException e) { ... }
PathClassLoader cl = new PathClassLoader(jar, parentClassLoader);

Handle dynamically-loaded files that already exist

To prevent exceptions from being thrown for existing dynamically-loaded files, we recommend deleting and recreating the files before you try to dynamically load them again in your app. As you recreate the files, follow the preceding guidance for marking the files read-only at write time. Alternatively, you can re-label the existing files as read-only, but in this case, we strongly recommend that you verify the integrity of the files first (for example, by checking the file's signature against a trusted value), to help protect your app from malicious actions.

Restrictions supplémentaires concernant le démarrage d'activités en arrière-plan

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, the system further restricts when apps are allowed to start activities from the background:

These changes expand the existing set of restrictions to protect users by preventing malicious apps from abusing APIs to start disruptive activities from the background.

Traversée de répertoire ZIP

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, Android prevents the Zip Path Traversal Vulnerability in the following way: ZipFile(String) and ZipInputStream.getNextEntry() throws a ZipException if zip file entry names contain ".." or start with "/".

Apps can opt-out from this validation by calling dalvik.system.ZipPathValidator.clearCallback().

For apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) or higher, a SecurityException is thrown by MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay in either of the following scenarios:

Your app must ask the user to give consent before each capture session. A single capture session is a single invocation on MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay, and each MediaProjection instance must be used only once.

Handle configuration changes

If your app needs to invoke MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay to handle configuration changes (such as the screen orientation or screen size changing), you can follow these steps to update the VirtualDisplay for the existing MediaProjection instance:

  1. Invoke VirtualDisplay#resize with the new width and height.
  2. Provide a new Surface with the new width and height to VirtualDisplay#setSurface.

Register a callback

Your app should register a callback to handle cases where the user doesn't grant consent to continue a capture session. To do this, implement Callback#onStop and have your app release any related resources (such as the VirtualDisplay and Surface).

If your app doesn't register this callback, MediaProjection#createVirtualDisplay throws an IllegalStateException when your app invokes it.

Mise à jour des restrictions non SDK

Android 14 includes updated lists of restricted non-SDK interfaces based on collaboration with Android developers and the latest internal testing. Whenever possible, we make sure that public alternatives are available before we restrict non-SDK interfaces.

If your app does not target Android 14, some of these changes might not immediately affect you. However, while you can currently use some non-SDK interfaces (depending on your app's target API level), using any non-SDK method or field always carries a high risk of breaking your app.

If you are unsure if your app uses non-SDK interfaces, you can test your app to find out. If your app relies on non-SDK interfaces, you should begin planning a migration to SDK alternatives. Nevertheless, we understand that some apps have valid use cases for using non-SDK interfaces. If you cannot find an alternative to using a non-SDK interface for a feature in your app, you should request a new public API.

To learn more about the changes in this release of Android, see Updates to non-SDK interface restrictions in Android 14. To learn more about non-SDK interfaces generally, see Restrictions on non-SDK interfaces.