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Cómo transferir datos de BLE

Una vez que se haya conectado a un BLE GATT codificador-decodificador, la conexión para averiguar qué servicios están disponibles en el dispositivo, consultar datos desde el dispositivo y solicitar notificaciones cuando se produzca cambios.

Descubre servicios

Lo primero que debes hacer una vez que te conectas al servidor GATT en el dispositivo BLE es para realizar la detección de servicios. Proporciona información sobre los servicios disponibles en el dispositivo remoto, así como las características del servicio y su descriptores de archivo. En el siguiente ejemplo, una vez que el servicio se conecta con éxito a el dispositivo (indicado por la llamada correspondiente al onConnectionStateChange() función de la BluetoothGattCallback), el discoverServices() consulta la información del dispositivo BLE.

El servicio necesita anular el onServicesDiscovered() en la BluetoothGattCallback Se llama a esta función cuando el dispositivo informa sobre sus servicios disponibles.

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

private val bluetoothGattCallback = object : BluetoothGattCallback() {
    override fun onConnectionStateChange(gatt: BluetoothGatt?, status: Int, newState: Int) {
        if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {
            // successfully connected to the GATT Server
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED)
            connectionState = STATE_CONNECTED
            // Attempts to discover services after successful connection.
            bluetoothGatt?.discoverServices()
        } else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {
            // disconnected from the GATT Server
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED)
            connectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED
        }
    }

    override fun onServicesDiscovered(gatt: BluetoothGatt?, status: Int) {
        if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED)
        } else {
            Log.w(BluetoothLeService.TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: $status")
        }
    }
}

...

companion object {
  const val ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED = "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED"
  const val ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED =
              "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED"
  const val ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED =
              "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED"

  private const val STATE_DISCONNECTED = 0
  private const val STATE_CONNECTED = 2
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

    public final static String ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED =
            "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED";

    ...

    private final BluetoothGattCallback bluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {
        @Override
        public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status, int newState) {
            if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {
                // successfully connected to the GATT Server
                connectionState = STATE_CONNECTED;
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED);
                // Attempts to discover services after successful connection.
                bluetoothGatt.discoverServices();
            } else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {
                // disconnected from the GATT Server
                connectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
            if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);
            } else {
                Log.w(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: " + status);
            }
        }
    };
}

El servicio utiliza transmisiones para notificar al actividad. Una vez que se detectan los servicios, el servicio puede llamar getServices() a obtener los datos informados.

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

  fun getSupportedGattServices(): List<BluetoothGattService?>? {
      return bluetoothGatt?.services
  }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    public List<BluetoothGattService> getSupportedGattServices() {
        if (bluetoothGatt == null) return null;
        return bluetoothGatt.getServices();
    }
}

Luego, la actividad puede llamar a esta función cuando recibe el intent de transmisión. lo que indica que finalizó la detección del servicio.

Kotlin

class DeviceControlActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

...

    private val gattUpdateReceiver: BroadcastReceiver = object : BroadcastReceiver() {
        override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
            when (intent.action) {
                BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED -> {
                    connected = true
                    updateConnectionState(R.string.connected)
                }
                BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED -> {
                    connected = false
                    updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected)
                        }
                BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED -> {
                    // Show all the supported services and characteristics on the user interface.
                    displayGattServices(bluetoothService?.getSupportedGattServices())
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

Java

class DeviceControlsActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

...

    private final BroadcastReceiver gattUpdateReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
        @Override
        public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
            final String action = intent.getAction();
            if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED.equals(action)) {
                connected = true;
                updateConnectionState(R.string.connected);
            } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED.equals(action)) {
                connected = false;
                updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected);
            } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) {
                // Show all the supported services and characteristics on the user interface.
                displayGattServices(bluetoothService.getSupportedGattServices());
            }
        }
    };
}

Cómo leer las características de BLE

Una vez que tu app se conecta a un servidor GATT y detecta servicios, puede leer y escribir atributos, siempre que sean compatibles. Por ejemplo, el siguiente snippet itera a través de los servicios y las características del servidor, y muestra con ellos en la IU:

Kotlin

class DeviceControlActivity : Activity() {

    // Demonstrates how to iterate through the supported GATT
    // Services/Characteristics.
    // In this sample, we populate the data structure that is bound to the
    // ExpandableListView on the UI.
    private fun displayGattServices(gattServices: List<BluetoothGattService>?) {
        if (gattServices == null) return
        var uuid: String?
        val unknownServiceString: String = resources.getString(R.string.unknown_service)
        val unknownCharaString: String = resources.getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic)
        val gattServiceData: MutableList<HashMap<String, String>> = mutableListOf()
        val gattCharacteristicData: MutableList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> =
                mutableListOf()
        mGattCharacteristics = mutableListOf()

        // Loops through available GATT Services.
        gattServices.forEach { gattService ->
            val currentServiceData = HashMap<String, String>()
            uuid = gattService.uuid.toString()
            currentServiceData[LIST_NAME] = SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString)
            currentServiceData[LIST_UUID] = uuid
            gattServiceData += currentServiceData

            val gattCharacteristicGroupData: ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> = arrayListOf()
            val gattCharacteristics = gattService.characteristics
            val charas: MutableList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> = mutableListOf()

            // Loops through available Characteristics.
            gattCharacteristics.forEach { gattCharacteristic ->
                charas += gattCharacteristic
                val currentCharaData: HashMap<String, String> = hashMapOf()
                uuid = gattCharacteristic.uuid.toString()
                currentCharaData[LIST_NAME] = SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid, unknownCharaString)
                currentCharaData[LIST_UUID] = uuid
                gattCharacteristicGroupData += currentCharaData
            }
            mGattCharacteristics += charas
            gattCharacteristicData += gattCharacteristicGroupData
        }
    }
}

Java

public class DeviceControlActivity extends Activity {
    ...
    // Demonstrates how to iterate through the supported GATT
    // Services/Characteristics.
    // In this sample, we populate the data structure that is bound to the
    // ExpandableListView on the UI.
    private void displayGattServices(List<BluetoothGattService> gattServices) {
        if (gattServices == null) return;
        String uuid = null;
        String unknownServiceString = getResources().
                getString(R.string.unknown_service);
        String unknownCharaString = getResources().
                getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic);
        ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattServiceData =
                new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
        ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> gattCharacteristicData
                = new ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>>();
        mGattCharacteristics =
                new ArrayList<ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>>();

        // Loops through available GATT Services.
        for (BluetoothGattService gattService : gattServices) {
            HashMap<String, String> currentServiceData =
                    new HashMap<String, String>();
            uuid = gattService.getUuid().toString();
            currentServiceData.put(
                    LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.
                            lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString));
            currentServiceData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
            gattServiceData.add(currentServiceData);

            ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattCharacteristicGroupData =
                    new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
            List<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> gattCharacteristics =
                    gattService.getCharacteristics();
            ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> charas =
                    new ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>();
           // Loops through available Characteristics.
            for (BluetoothGattCharacteristic gattCharacteristic :
                    gattCharacteristics) {
                charas.add(gattCharacteristic);
                HashMap<String, String> currentCharaData =
                        new HashMap<String, String>();
                uuid = gattCharacteristic.getUuid().toString();
                currentCharaData.put(
                        LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid,
                                unknownCharaString));
                currentCharaData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
                gattCharacteristicGroupData.add(currentCharaData);
            }
            mGattCharacteristics.add(charas);
            gattCharacteristicData.add(gattCharacteristicGroupData);
         }
    ...
    }
...
}

El servicio GATT proporciona una lista de características que puedes leer en el dispositivo. Para consultar los datos, llama al readCharacteristic() en la BluetoothGatt, pasando el BluetoothGattCharacteristic que quieras leer.

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    fun readCharacteristic(characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic) {
        bluetoothGatt?.let { gatt ->
            gatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic)
        } ?: run {
            Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized")
            Return
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    public void readCharacteristic(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
        if (bluetoothGatt == null) {
            Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized");
            return;
        }
        bluetoothGatt.readCharacteristic(characteristic);
    }
}

En este ejemplo, el servicio implementa una función para llamar readCharacteristic() Esta es una llamada asíncrona. Los resultados se envían BluetoothGattCallback función onCharacteristicRead()

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    private val bluetoothGattCallback = object : BluetoothGattCallback() {

        ...

        override fun onCharacteristicRead(
            gatt: BluetoothGatt,
            characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic,
            status: Int
            ) {
                if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(BluetoothLeService.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic)
            }
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    private final BluetoothGattCallback bluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {

    ...

        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicRead(
        BluetoothGatt gatt,
        BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic,
        int status
        ) {
            if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
            }
        }
    };
}

Cuando se activa una devolución de llamada específica, llama a broadcastUpdate() y le pasa una acción. Ten en cuenta que los datos el análisis en esta sección se realiza de acuerdo con el ritmo cardiaco Bluetooth Especificaciones del perfil de medición.

Kotlin

private fun broadcastUpdate(action: String, characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic) {
    val intent = Intent(action)

    // This is special handling for the Heart Rate Measurement profile. Data
    // parsing is carried out as per profile specifications.
    when (characteristic.uuid) {
        UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT -> {
            val flag = characteristic.properties
            val format = when (flag and 0x01) {
                0x01 -> {
                    Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.")
                    BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16
                }
                else -> {
                    Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.")
                    BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8
                }
            }
            val heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1)
            Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received heart rate: %d", heartRate))
            intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, (heartRate).toString())
        }
        else -> {
            // For all other profiles, writes the data formatted in HEX.
            val data: ByteArray? = characteristic.value
            if (data?.isNotEmpty() == true) {
                val hexString: String = data.joinToString(separator = " ") {
                    String.format("%02X", it)
                }
                intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, "$data\n$hexString")
            }
        }
    }
    sendBroadcast(intent)
}

Java

private void broadcastUpdate(final String action,
                             final BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
    final Intent intent = new Intent(action);

    // This is special handling for the Heart Rate Measurement profile. Data
    // parsing is carried out as per profile specifications.
    if (UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT.equals(characteristic.getUuid())) {
        int flag = characteristic.getProperties();
        int format = -1;
        if ((flag & 0x01) != 0) {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.");
        } else {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.");
        }
        final int heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1);
        Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received heart rate: %d", heartRate));
        intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, String.valueOf(heartRate));
    } else {
        // For all other profiles, writes the data formatted in HEX.
        final byte[] data = characteristic.getValue();
        if (data != null && data.length > 0) {
            final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(data.length);
            for(byte byteChar : data)
                stringBuilder.append(String.format("%02X ", byteChar));
            intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, new String(data) + "\n" +
                    stringBuilder.toString());
        }
    }
    sendBroadcast(intent);
}

Recibir notificaciones GATT

Es habitual que las apps BLE soliciten notificaciones cuando se detecta una característica en particular cambios en el dispositivo. En el siguiente ejemplo, el servicio implementa una para llamar a la función setCharacteristicNotification() método:

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    fun setCharacteristicNotification(
    characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic,
    enabled: Boolean
    ) {
        bluetoothGatt?.let { gatt ->
        gatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enabled)

        // This is specific to Heart Rate Measurement.
        if (BluetoothLeService.UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT == characteristic.uuid) {
            val descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor(UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIG))
            descriptor.value = BluetoothGattDescriptor.ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE
            gatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor)
        }
        } ?: run {
            Log.w(BluetoothLeService.TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized")
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    public void setCharacteristicNotification(BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic,boolean enabled) {
        if (bluetoothGatt == null) {
            Log.w(TAG, "BluetoothGatt not initialized");
            Return;
        }
        bluetoothGatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enabled);

        // This is specific to Heart Rate Measurement.
        if (UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT.equals(characteristic.getUuid())) {
            BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor(UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIG));
            descriptor.setValue(BluetoothGattDescriptor.ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE);
            bluetoothGatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor);
        }
    }
}

Una vez que se habilitan las notificaciones de una característica, se onCharacteristicChanged() La devolución de llamada se activa si la característica cambia en el dispositivo remoto:

Kotlin

class BluetoothLeService : Service() {

...

    private val bluetoothGattCallback = object : BluetoothGattCallback() {
        ...

        override fun onCharacteristicChanged(
        gatt: BluetoothGatt,
        characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic
        ) {
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic)
        }
    }
}

Java

class BluetoothLeService extends Service {

...

    private final BluetoothGattCallback bluetoothGattCallback = new BluetoothGattCallback() {
    ...

        @Override
        public void onCharacteristicChanged(
        BluetoothGatt gatt,
        BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic
        ) {
            broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
        }
    };
}