Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 16 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 16, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste o app e modifique-o conforme necessário para oferecer suporte a essas mudanças, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 16.

Principal recurso

O Android 16 (API de nível 36) inclui as seguintes mudanças que modificam ou expandem vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Otimizações de cota do JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

• Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
• If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
• If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motivo da interrupção de jobs vazios abandonados

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Suspensão total de JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

O método JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) indica a importância de um job enquanto o app de programação está em primeiro plano ou quando é temporariamente isento de restrições em segundo plano.

Esse método foi descontinuado a partir do Android 12 (nível 31 da API). A partir do Android 16, ele não funciona mais de forma eficaz, e a chamada desse método será ignorada.

Essa remoção de funcionalidade também se aplica a JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). A partir do Android 16, se o método for chamado, ele retornará false.

O escopo de prioridade de transmissão ordenada não é mais global

Os apps Android podem definir prioridades em broadcast receivers para controlar a ordem em que os receptores recebem e processam a transmissão. Para recebedores declarados no manifesto, os apps podem usar o atributo android:priority para definir a prioridade. Para recebedores registrados no contexto, os apps podem usar a API IntentFilter#setPriority() para definir a prioridade. Quando uma transmissão é enviada, o sistema a entrega aos receptores na ordem de prioridade, da mais alta para a mais baixa.

No Android 16, a ordem de entrega de transmissão usando o atributo android:priority ou IntentFilter#setPriority() em diferentes processos não será garantida. As prioridades de transmissão só serão respeitadas no mesmo processo do aplicativo, e não em todos os processos.

Além disso, as prioridades de transmissão serão automaticamente limitadas ao intervalo (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Somente os componentes do sistema poderão definir SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY como prioridade de transmissão.

O app pode ser afetado se fizer o seguinte:

1. Seu aplicativo declarou vários processos com a mesma intent de transmissão e tem expectativas em relação ao recebimento dessas intents em uma determinada ordem com base na prioridade.
2. O processo do aplicativo interage com outros processos e tem expectativas em relação ao recebimento de uma intent de transmissão em uma determinada ordem.

Se os processos precisarem se coordenar, eles vão precisar se comunicar usando outros canais de coordenação.

Mudanças internas no ART

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

Modo de compatibilidade de tamanho de página de 16 KB

O Android 15 introduziu o suporte a páginas de memória de 16 KB para otimizar o desempenho da plataforma. O Android 16 adiciona um modo de compatibilidade, permitindo que alguns apps criados para páginas de memória de 4 KB sejam executados em um dispositivo configurado para páginas de memória de 16 KB.

Quando o app está em execução em um dispositivo com o Android 16 ou mais recente, se o Android detectar que o app tem páginas de memória alinhadas de 4 KB, ele vai usar automaticamente o modo de compatibilidade e mostrar uma caixa de diálogo de notificação para o usuário. Definir a propriedade android:pageSizeCompat no AndroidManifest.xml para ativar o modo de compatibilidade com versões anteriores vai impedir a exibição da caixa de diálogo quando o app for iniciado. Para usar a propriedade android:pageSizeCompat, compile o app usando o SDK do Android 16.

Para ter o melhor desempenho, confiabilidade e estabilidade, o app ainda precisa ter 16 KB alinhados. Confira nossa postagem recente do blog sobre como atualizar seus apps para oferecer suporte a páginas de memória de 16 KB para mais detalhes.

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças que visam criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Descontinuação de avisos de acessibilidade que causam interrupção

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

• For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
• To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

Compatibilidade com a navegação com três botões

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

Ícones temáticos automáticos de apps

A partir do Android 16 QPR 2, o Android aplica temas automaticamente aos ícones de apps para criar uma experiência coesa na tela inicial. Isso acontece se um app não fornecer um ícone temático próprio. Os apps podem controlar o design do ícone temático incluindo uma camada monocromática no ícone adaptável e conferindo uma prévia da aparência do ícone no Android Studio.

Formatos de dispositivos

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças para apps quando projetados em telas por proprietários de dispositivos virtuais.

Substituições do proprietário do dispositivo virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Segurança

O Android 16 (nível da API 36) inclui mudanças que promovem a segurança do sistema para ajudar a proteger apps e usuários contra apps maliciosos.

Segurança aprimorada contra ataques de redirecionamento de intent

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Os apps complementares não recebem mais notificações de tempo limite de descoberta

Android 16 introduces a new behavior during companion device pairing flow to protect the user's location privacy from malicious apps. All companion apps running on Android 16 are no longer directly notified of discovery timeout using RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Instead, the user is notified of timeout events with a visual dialog. When the user dismisses the dialog, the app is alerted of the association failure with RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

The search duration has also been extended from the original 20 seconds, and the device discovery can be stopped by the user at any point during the search. If at least one device was discovered within the first 20 seconds of starting the search, the CDM stops searching for additional devices.

Conectividade

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças na pilha Bluetooth para melhorar a conectividade com dispositivos periféricos.

Melhoria no tratamento de perdas de títulos

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.