Cambios de comportamiento: todas las apps

La plataforma de Android 16 incluye cambios de comportamiento que podrían afectar a tu app. Los siguientes cambios se aplican a todas las apps cuando se ejecutan en Android 16, independientemente de targetSdkVersion. Debes probar tu app y, luego, modificarla según corresponda para admitir estos cambios.

Asegúrate también de revisar la lista de cambios de comportamiento que solo afectan a las apps orientadas a Android 16.

Funcionalidad principal

Android 16 incluye los siguientes cambios que modifican o expanden varias funciones principales del sistema Android.

Optimizaciones de cuotas de JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

  • Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
  • If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
  • If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motivo de detención de trabajos vacíos abandonados

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Se dejó de usar por completo JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground.

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

El alcance de prioridad de transmisión ordenada ya no es global

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

  1. Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
  2. Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

Cambios internos de ART

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

Modo de compatibilidad de tamaño de página de 16 KB

Android 15 introduced support for 16 KB memory pages to optimize performance of the platform. Android 16 adds a compatibility mode, allowing some apps built for 4 KB memory pages to run on a device configured for 16 KB memory pages.

If Android detects that your app has 4 KB aligned memory pages, it automatically uses compatibility mode and display a notification dialog to the user. Setting the android:pageSizeCompat property in the AndroidManifest.xml to enable the backwards compatibility mode will prevent the display of the dialog when your app launches. For best performance, reliability, and stability, your app should still be 16 KB aligned. Check out our recent blog post on updating your apps to support 16 KB memory pages for more details.

The compatibility mode dialog that displays when the system detects that a 4 KB-aligned app could run more optimally if 16 KB aligned.

Experiencia del usuario y IU del sistema

Android 16 incluye los siguientes cambios, cuyo objetivo es crear una experiencia del usuario más intuitiva y coherente.

Se darán de baja los anuncios de accesibilidad disruptivos

Android 16 da de baja los anuncios de accesibilidad, que se caracterizan por el uso de announceForAccessibility o el envío de eventos de accesibilidad TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT. Esto puede crear experiencias del usuario incoherentes para los usuarios de TalkBack y el lector de pantalla de Android, y las alternativas satisfacen mejor una gama más amplia de necesidades de los usuarios en una variedad de tecnologías de accesibilidad de Android.

Ejemplos de alternativas:

La documentación de referencia de la API de announceForAccessibility, que dejó de estar disponible, incluye más detalles sobre las alternativas sugeridas.

Compatibilidad con la navegación con 3 botones

Android 16 admite el gesto atrás predictivo en la navegación de 3 botones para las apps que migraron correctamente al gesto atrás predictivo. Si mantienes presionado el botón Atrás, se inicia una animación de atrás predictivo, que te brinda una vista previa de adónde te dirige el gesto de deslizar para volver.

Este comportamiento se aplica a todas las áreas del sistema que admiten animaciones de atrás predictivas, incluidas las animaciones del sistema (volver a la pantalla principal, cambiar de tarea y cambiar de actividad).

Las animaciones de atrás predictivo en el modo de navegación con 3 botones.

Factores de forma de los dispositivos

Android 16 incluye los siguientes cambios para las apps cuando los propietarios de dispositivos virtuales las proyectan en pantallas.

Anulaciones del propietario del dispositivo virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16, virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Seguridad

Android 16 incluye cambios que promueven la seguridad del sistema para ayudar a proteger a las apps y a los usuarios de las apps maliciosas.

Mayor seguridad contra ataques de redireccionamiento de intents

Android 16 proporciona seguridad predeterminada contra ataques generales de redireccionamiento de Intent, con compatibilidad mínima y cambios necesarios para los desarrolladores.

Presentamos soluciones de endurecimiento de la seguridad de forma predeterminada para los exploits de redireccionamiento de Intent. En la mayoría de los casos, las apps que usan intents no suelen tener problemas de compatibilidad. Recopilamos métricas durante nuestro proceso de desarrollo para supervisar qué apps podrían tener fallas.

El redireccionamiento de intents en Android se produce cuando un atacante puede controlar de forma parcial o total el contenido de un intent que se usa para iniciar un componente nuevo en el contexto de una app vulnerable, mientras que la app víctima inicia un intent de nivel secundario no confiable en un campo de extras de un intent ("de nivel superior"). Esto puede provocar que la app del atacante inicie componentes privados en el contexto de la app víctima, active acciones con privilegios o obtenga acceso de URI a datos sensibles, lo que podría generar robo de datos y ejecución de código arbitraria.

Cómo inhabilitar el manejo de redireccionamiento de intents

Android 16 presenta una nueva API que permite a las apps inhabilitar las protecciones de seguridad de inicio. Esto puede ser necesario en casos específicos en los que el comportamiento de seguridad predeterminado interfiera con casos de uso legítimos de la app.

Para aplicaciones que compilan con el SDK de Android 16 o versiones posteriores

Puedes usar directamente el método removeLaunchSecurityProtection() en el objeto Intent.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }
Para aplicaciones que se compilan con Android 15 (nivel de API 35) o versiones anteriores

Si bien no se recomienda, puedes usar la reflexión para acceder al método removeLaunchSecurityProtection().

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Conectividad

Android 16 incluye los siguientes cambios en la pila de Bluetooth para mejorar la conectividad con dispositivos periféricos.

Se mejoró el manejo de la pérdida de bonos

A partir de Android 16, se actualizó la pila de Bluetooth para mejorar la seguridad y la experiencia del usuario cuando se detecta una pérdida de vinculación remota. Anteriormente, el sistema quitaba automáticamente la vinculación e iniciaba un nuevo proceso de vinculación, lo que podía provocar una vinculación accidental. En muchos casos, observamos que las apps no se ocupan del evento de pérdida de vínculo de manera coherente.

Para unificar la experiencia, Android 16 mejoró el manejo de la pérdida de vinculación en el sistema. Si no se pudo autenticar un dispositivo Bluetooth vinculado anteriormente cuando se volvió a conectar, el sistema desconectará el vínculo, retendrá la información de vinculación local y mostrará un diálogo del sistema en el que se informará a los usuarios sobre la pérdida de vinculación y se les indicará que vuelvan a vincular el dispositivo.