Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 16 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 16, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya uji aplikasi Anda, lalu modifikasi sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung perubahan ini, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 16.

Fungsi inti

Android 16 (level API 36) mencakup perubahan berikut yang mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Pengoptimalan kuota JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Alasan penghentian tugas kosong yang ditinggalkan

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

Menghentikan penggunaan JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground sepenuhnya

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

Cakupan prioritas siaran berurutan tidak lagi global

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

Perubahan internal ART

Android 16 menyertakan update terbaru ke Android Runtime (ART) yang meningkatkan performa Android Runtime (ART) dan memberikan dukungan untuk fitur Java tambahan. Melalui update Sistem Google Play, peningkatan ini juga tersedia untuk lebih dari satu miliar perangkat yang menjalankan Android 12 (API level 31) dan yang lebih tinggi.

Saat perubahan ini dirilis, library dan kode aplikasi yang mengandalkan struktur internal ART mungkin tidak berfungsi dengan benar di perangkat yang menjalankan Android 16, beserta versi Android sebelumnya yang mengupdate modul ART melalui update sistem Google Play.

Mengandalkan struktur internal (seperti antarmuka non-SDK) dapat selalu menyebabkan masalah kompatibilitas, tetapi sangat penting untuk menghindari mengandalkan kode (atau library yang berisi kode) yang memanfaatkan struktur ART internal, karena perubahan ART tidak terikat dengan versi platform yang dijalankan perangkat dan perubahan tersebut dikirim ke lebih dari satu miliar perangkat melalui update sistem Google Play.

Semua developer harus memeriksa apakah aplikasi mereka terpengaruh dengan menguji aplikasi secara menyeluruh di Android 16. Selain itu, periksa masalah umum untuk mengetahui apakah aplikasi Anda bergantung pada library yang telah kami identifikasi yang mengandalkan struktur ART internal. Jika Anda memiliki kode aplikasi atau dependensi library yang terpengaruh, cari alternatif API publik jika memungkinkan dan minta API publik untuk kasus penggunaan baru dengan membuat permintaan fitur di issue tracker kami.

Mode kompatibilitas ukuran halaman 16 KB

Android 15 memperkenalkan dukungan untuk halaman memori 16 KB guna mengoptimalkan performa platform. Android 16 menambahkan mode kompatibilitas, yang memungkinkan beberapa aplikasi yang di-build untuk halaman memori 4 KB berjalan di perangkat yang dikonfigurasi untuk halaman memori 16 KB.

Saat aplikasi Anda berjalan di perangkat dengan Android 16 atau yang lebih tinggi, jika Android mendeteksi bahwa aplikasi Anda memiliki halaman memori yang diselaraskan 4 KB, aplikasi akan otomatis menggunakan mode kompatibilitas dan menampilkan dialog notifikasi kepada pengguna. Menetapkan properti android:pageSizeCompat di AndroidManifest.xml untuk mengaktifkan mode kompatibilitas mundur akan mencegah tampilan dialog saat aplikasi diluncurkan. Untuk menggunakan properti android:pageSizeCompat, kompilasi aplikasi Anda menggunakan Android 16 SDK.

Untuk performa, keandalan, dan stabilitas terbaik, aplikasi Anda harus tetap selaras dengan 16 KB. Lihat postingan blog terbaru kami tentang mengupdate aplikasi Anda untuk mendukung halaman memori 16 KB guna mengetahui detail selengkapnya.

Dialog mode kompatibilitas yang ditampilkan saat sistem mendeteksi bahwa aplikasi yang selaras dengan 4 KB dapat berjalan lebih optimal jika 16 KB selaras.

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

Dukungan untuk navigasi 3 tombol

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

The predictive back animations in 3-button navigation mode.

Ikon aplikasi bertema otomatis

Beginning with Android 16 QPR 2, Android automatically applies themes to app icons to create a cohesive home screen experience. This occurs if an app does not provide its own themed app icon. Apps can control the design of their themed app icon by including a monochrome layer within their adaptive icon and previewing what their app icon will look like in Android Studio.

Faktor bentuk perangkat

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut untuk aplikasi saat diproyeksikan ke layar oleh pemilik perangkat virtual.

Penggantian pemilik perangkat virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Keamanan

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan yang meningkatkan keamanan sistem untuk membantu melindungi aplikasi dan pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya.

Peningkatan keamanan terhadap serangan pengalihan Intent

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Aplikasi pendamping tidak lagi diberi tahu tentang waktu tunggu penemuan

Android 16 memperkenalkan perilaku baru selama alur penyambungan perangkat pendamping untuk melindungi privasi lokasi pengguna dari aplikasi berbahaya. Semua aplikasi pendamping yang berjalan di Android 16 tidak lagi diberi tahu secara langsung tentang waktu tunggu penemuan yang habis menggunakan RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT. Sebagai gantinya, pengguna akan diberi tahu tentang peristiwa waktu tunggu habis dengan dialog visual. Saat pengguna menutup dialog, aplikasi akan diberi tahu tentang kegagalan pengaitan dengan RESULT_USER_REJECTED.

Durasi penelusuran juga telah diperpanjang dari 20 detik awal, dan penemuan perangkat dapat dihentikan oleh pengguna kapan saja selama penelusuran. Jika setidaknya satu perangkat ditemukan dalam 20 detik pertama sejak memulai penelusuran, CDM akan berhenti menelusuri perangkat tambahan.

Konektivitas

Android 16 (level API 36) menyertakan perubahan berikut dalam stack Bluetooth untuk meningkatkan konektivitas dengan perangkat periferal.

Peningkatan penanganan kehilangan ikatan

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.