行為變更：所有應用程式

透過集合功能整理內容 你可以依據偏好儲存及分類內容。

Android 16 平台包含可能對應用程式造成影響的行為變更。無論 targetSdkVersion 為何，當應用程式在 Android 16 上執行時，下列行為變更將會套用至所有應用程式。您應測試應用程式，並視需要修改，以便在適當情況下支援這些變更。

另請務必查看僅對指定 Android 16 為目標版本的應用程式造成影響的行為變更清單。

核心功能

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，可修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

JobScheduler 配額最佳化

自 Android 16 起，我們會根據下列因素調整一般和快速工作執行的執行時間配額：

• 應用程式位於哪個應用程式待命值區：在 Android 16 中，系統會開始以豐富的執行階段配額強制執行有效待命值區。
• 如果工作在應用程式處於頂層狀態時開始執行：在 Android 16 中，如果工作在應用程式向使用者顯示時開始執行，並在應用程式不再顯示後繼續執行，則會遵守工作執行時間配額。
• 如果工作在執行前景服務時執行：在 Android 16 中，與前景服務同時執行的工作會遵守工作執行時間配額。如果您要使用工作來進行使用者啟動的資料移轉作業，請考慮改用使用者啟動的資料移轉工作。

這項異動會影響使用 WorkManager、JobScheduler 和 DownloadManager 排定的任務。如要對工作停止的原因進行偵錯，建議您呼叫 WorkInfo.getStopReason() 來記錄工作停止的原因 (JobScheduler 工作請呼叫 JobParameters.getStopReason())。

如要進一步瞭解電池最佳化最佳做法，請參閱如何為任務排程 API 最佳化電池用量的相關指南。

我們也建議您利用 Android 16 中推出的新 JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API，瞭解為何未執行工作。

測試

如要測試應用程式的行為，只要應用程式在 Android 16 裝置上執行，您就可以啟用特定工作配額最佳化設定的覆寫功能。

如要停用「top state will adhere to job runtime quota」的強制執行功能，請執行下列 adb 指令：

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

如要停用「與前景服務同時執行的作業會遵守作業執行時間配額」的強制執行，請執行下列 adb 指令：

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

如要測試特定的應用程式待命值區行為，您可以使用下列 adb 指令設定應用程式的應用程式待命值區：

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

如要瞭解應用程式所屬的應用程式待命值區，您可以使用下列 adb 指令取得應用程式的應用程式待命值區：

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

放棄空白工作的原因

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

完全淘汰 JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

排序廣播優先順序的範圍不再是全域

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

1. Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
2. Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

ART 內部變更

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

16 KB 頁面大小相容模式

Android 15 introduced support for 16 KB memory pages to optimize performance of the platform. Android 16 adds a compatibility mode, allowing some apps built for 4 KB memory pages to run on a device configured for 16 KB memory pages.

If Android detects that your app has 4 KB aligned memory pages, it automatically uses compatibility mode and display a notification dialog to the user. Setting the android:pageSizeCompat property in the AndroidManifest.xml to enable the backwards compatibility mode will prevent the display of the dialog when your app launches. For best performance, reliability, and stability, your app should still be 16 KB aligned. Check out our recent blog post on updating your apps to support 16 KB memory pages for more details.

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，旨在打造更一致、直覺的使用者體驗。

淘汰令人混淆的無障礙工具公告

Android 16 已淘汰無障礙公告，這類公告的特色是使用 announceForAccessibility 或調度 TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT 無障礙事件。這可能會為 TalkBack 和 Android 螢幕閱讀器的使用者帶來不一致的使用者體驗，而替代方案可在各種 Android 輔助技術中，滿足更廣泛的使用者需求。

替代方案範例：

• 如要進行重大的 UI 變更 (例如變更視窗)，請使用 Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) 和 setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence)。在 Compose 中使用 Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• 如要通知使用者關鍵 UI 的變更，請使用 setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int)。在 Compose 中使用 Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]}。這些事件應謹慎使用，因為每次 View 更新時，這些事件都可能產生通知。
• 如要通知使用者錯誤，請傳送 AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR 類型的 AccessibilityEvent，並設定 AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence)，或使用 TextView#setError(CharSequence)。

如要進一步瞭解建議的替代方案，請參閱已淘汰的 announceForAccessibility API 參考說明文件。

支援 3 鍵導覽

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

裝置板型規格

在 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 中，當虛擬裝置擁有者將應用程式投影到螢幕時，應用程式會發生下列變更。

虛擬裝置擁有者覆寫值

虛擬裝置擁有者是指可建立及管理虛擬裝置的可信任或特權應用程式。虛擬裝置擁有者會在虛擬裝置上執行應用程式，然後將應用程式投影到遠端裝置的螢幕，例如個人電腦、虛擬實境裝置或車用資訊娛樂系統。虛擬裝置擁有者使用的是本機裝置，例如手機。

個別應用程式覆寫值

在搭載 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 的裝置上，虛擬裝置擁有者可以覆寫虛擬裝置擁有者管理的特定虛擬裝置上的應用程式設定。舉例來說，為了改善應用程式版面配置，虛擬裝置擁有者可在將應用程式投影到外部螢幕時，忽略方向、顯示比例和可調整大小限制。

常見的破壞性變更

Android 16 的行為可能會影響應用程式在汽車螢幕或 Chromebook 等大螢幕裝置上的 UI，尤其是針對小螢幕的直向版型設計的版面配置。如要瞭解如何讓應用程式可配合所有裝置板型規格調整顯示方式，請參閱「關於自動調整版面配置」。

參考資料

隨附應用程式串流

安全性

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含可提升系統安全性的變更，有助於保護應用程式和使用者免受惡意應用程式侵擾。

強化安全性，防範 Intent 重新導向攻擊

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

連線能力

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 的藍牙堆疊包含下列變更，可改善與周邊裝置的連線能力。

改善債券損失處理方式

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.