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ऐप्लिकेशन के व्यवहार में बदलाव: सभी ऐप्लिकेशन
संग्रह की मदद से व्यवस्थित रहें अपनी प्राथमिकताओं के आधार पर, कॉन्टेंट को सेव करें और कैटगरी में बांटें.

Android 16 प्लैटफ़ॉर्म में, ऐप्लिकेशन के काम करने के तरीके में कुछ बदलाव किए गए हैं. इन बदलावों का असर आपके ऐप्लिकेशन पर पड़ सकता है. ऐप्लिकेशन के काम करने के तरीके में ये बदलाव, Android 16 पर चलने वाले सभी ऐप्लिकेशन पर लागू होते हैं. इससे कोई फ़र्क़ नहीं पड़ता कि targetSdkVersion क्या है. आपको अपने ऐप्लिकेशन की जांच करनी चाहिए. इसके बाद, ज़रूरत पड़ने पर इन बदलावों के साथ काम करने के लिए, उसमें बदलाव करना चाहिए.

ऐप्लिकेशन के काम करने के तरीके में हुए उन बदलावों की सूची भी देखना न भूलें जिनका असर सिर्फ़ Android 16 को टारगेट करने वाले ऐप्लिकेशन पर पड़ता है.

मुख्य फ़ंक्शन

Android 16 (एपीआई लेवल 36) में ये बदलाव किए गए हैं. इनसे Android सिस्टम की मुख्य सुविधाओं में बदलाव होता है या उन्हें बेहतर बनाया जाता है.

JobScheduler कोटा ऑप्टिमाइज़ेशन

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

खाली नौकरियों को बंद करने की वजह

An abandoned job occurs when the JobParameters object associated with the job has been garbage collected, but JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) has not been called to signal job completion. This indicates that the job may be running and being rescheduled without the app's awareness.

Apps that rely on JobScheduler, don't maintain a strong reference to the JobParameters object, and timeout will now be granted the new job stop reason STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED, instead of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

If there are frequent occurrences of the new abandoned stop reason, the system will take mitigation steps to reduce job frequency.

Apps should use the new stop reason to detect and reduce abandoned jobs.

If you're using WorkManager, AsyncTask, or DownloadManager, you aren't impacted because these APIs manage the job lifecycle on your app's behalf.

JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground को पूरी तरह बंद करना

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

क्रम से चलने वाले ब्रॉडकास्ट की प्राथमिकता का दायरा अब ग्लोबल नहीं है

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

एआरटी में हुए बदलाव

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

16 केबी वाले पेज साइज़ के साथ काम करने वाला मोड

Android 15 में 16 केबी मेमोरी वाले पेजों के लिए सहायता जोड़ी गई है, ताकि प्लैटफ़ॉर्म की परफ़ॉर्मेंस को ऑप्टिमाइज़ किया जा सके. Android 16 में कंपैटबिलिटी मोड जोड़ा गया है. इससे, 4 केबी मेमोरी वाले पेजों के लिए बनाए गए कुछ ऐप्लिकेशन, 16 केबी मेमोरी वाले पेजों के लिए कॉन्फ़िगर किए गए डिवाइस पर चल सकते हैं.

अगर Android को पता चलता है कि आपके ऐप्लिकेशन में 4 केबी के अलाइन किए गए मेमोरी पेज हैं, तो वह अपने-आप काम करने के मोड का इस्तेमाल करता है और उपयोगकर्ता को एक सूचना डायलॉग दिखाता है. पुराने वर्शन के साथ काम करने वाले मोड को चालू करने के लिए, AndroidManifest.xml में android:pageSizeCompat प्रॉपर्टी को सेट करने पर, आपका ऐप्लिकेशन लॉन्च होने पर डायलॉग बॉक्स नहीं दिखेगा. बेहतर परफ़ॉर्मेंस, भरोसेमंदता, और स्थिरता के लिए, आपके ऐप्लिकेशन का साइज़ अब भी 16 केबी होना चाहिए. ज़्यादा जानकारी के लिए, 16 केबी मेमोरी वाले पेजों के साथ काम करने के लिए, अपने ऐप्लिकेशन अपडेट करने के बारे में हमारी हाल ही की ब्लॉग पोस्ट देखें.

कंपैटबिलिटी मोड का डायलॉग बॉक्स, जो तब दिखता है, जब सिस्टम को पता चलता है कि 4 केबी वाले ऐप्लिकेशन को 16 केबी वाले ऐप्लिकेशन के तौर पर अलाइन करने पर, वह बेहतर तरीके से काम कर सकता है.

उपयोगकर्ता अनुभव और सिस्टम यूज़र इंटरफ़ेस (यूआई)

Android 16 (एपीआई लेवल 36) में ये बदलाव किए गए हैं, ताकि उपयोगकर्ता को बेहतर और आसान अनुभव मिल सके.

Android 16 deprecates accessibility announcements, characterized by the use of announceForAccessibility or the dispatch of TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT accessibility events. These can create inconsistent user experiences for users of TalkBack and Android's screen reader, and alternatives better serve a broader range of user needs across a variety of Android's assistive technologies.

Examples of alternatives:

For significant UI changes like window changes, use Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) and setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
To inform the user of changes to critical UI, use setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int). In Compose, use Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]} . These should be used sparingly as they may generate announcements every time a View is updated.
To notify users about errors, send an AccessibilityEvent of type AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR and set AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence), or use TextView#setError(CharSequence).

The reference documentation for the deprecated announceForAccessibility API includes more details about suggested alternatives.

तीन बटन वाले नेविगेशन के लिए सहायता

Android 16 brings predictive back support to the 3-button navigation for apps that have properly migrated to predictive back. Long-pressing the back button initiates a predictive back animation, giving you a preview of where the back swipe takes you.

This behavior applies across all areas of the system that support predictive back animations, including the system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity).

The predictive back animations in 3-button navigation mode.

डिवाइस के नाप या आकार

Android 16 (एपीआई लेवल 36) में, वर्चुअल डिवाइस के मालिकों के डिसप्ले पर प्रोजेक्ट किए जाने पर, ऐप्लिकेशन के लिए ये बदलाव किए गए हैं.

वर्चुअल डिवाइस के मालिक की ओर से बदलाव

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

सुरक्षा

Android 16 (एपीआई लेवल 36) में ऐसे बदलाव किए गए हैं जिनसे सिस्टम की सुरक्षा को बेहतर बनाया गया है. इससे ऐप्लिकेशन और उपयोगकर्ताओं को नुकसान पहुंचाने वाले ऐप्लिकेशन से बचाने में मदद मिलती है.

इंटेंट रीडायरेक्टेशन अटैक से सुरक्षा को बेहतर बनाया गया

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

कनेक्टिविटी

Android 16 (एपीआई लेवल 36) में, ब्लूटूथ स्टैक में ये बदलाव किए गए हैं, ताकि सहायक डिवाइसों के साथ कनेक्टिविटी को बेहतर बनाया जा सके.

बॉन्ड के नुकसान को मैनेज करने की बेहतर सुविधा

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.