本頁面由 Cloud Translation API 翻譯而成。

行為變更：指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式

和先前版本一樣，Android 16 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 16 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看對所有 Android 16 應用程式有影響的行為變更清單。

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列異動，旨在打造更一致、直觀的使用者體驗。

無邊框設計停用選項即將移除

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

必須遷移或停用預測返回手勢

如果應用程式指定 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 以上版本，且在搭載 Android 16 以上版本的裝置上執行，系統會預設啟用預測返回系統動畫 (返回首頁、跨工作和跨活動)。此外，系統不會再呼叫 onBackPressed，也不會再分派 KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK。

如果應用程式會攔截返回事件，但您尚未遷移至預測返回手勢，請更新應用程式以使用支援的返回導覽 API，或在應用程式 AndroidManifest.xml 檔案的 <application> 或 <activity> 標記中，將 android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback 屬性設為 false，暫時停用這項功能。

預測返回主畫面動畫。

預測跨活動動畫。

預測跨工作動畫。

已淘汰並停用 Elegant 字型 API

指定 Android 15 (API 級別 35) 的應用程式會預設將 elegantTextHeight TextView 屬性設為 true，以更易於閱讀的字型取代精簡字型。您可以將 elegantTextHeight 屬性設為 false，藉此覆寫這項設定。

Android 16 會淘汰 elegantTextHeight 屬性，應用程式指定 Android 16 後，系統就會忽略該屬性。這些 API 控制的「UI 字型」即將停用，因此請調整所有版面配置，確保阿拉伯文、寮文、緬甸文、泰米爾文、古吉拉特文、卡納達文、馬拉雅拉姆文、奧里亞文、泰盧固文或泰文的文字顯示方式一致，且日後不會出錯。

核心功能

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，可修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

固定費率工作排程最佳化

在指定 Android 16 之前，如果 scheduleAtFixedRate 因不在有效的程序生命週期中而錯過執行工作，則應用程式返回有效生命週期時，所有錯過的執行作業會立即執行。

針對 Android 16 進行指定時，應用程式返回有效生命週期時，最多會立即執行一次遺漏的 scheduleAtFixedRate 執行作業。這項行為異動預計可改善應用程式效能。在應用程式中測試這項行為，確認應用程式是否受到影響。您也可以使用應用程式相容性架構，並啟用 STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS 相容性標記來進行測試。

裝置板型規格

在大型螢幕裝置上顯示應用程式時，Android 16 (API 級別 36) 會進行下列變更。

自動調整式版面配置

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

portrait
reversePortrait
sensorPortrait
userPortrait
landscape
reverseLandscape
sensorLandscape
userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

健康與健身

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列與健康和健身資料相關的變更。

健康與健身權限

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

連線能力

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 的藍牙堆疊包含下列變更，可提升與周邊裝置的連線能力。

處理債券遺失和加密變更的新意圖

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.
If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

移除藍牙配對的新方式

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

安全性

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列安全性異動。

MediaStore 版本鎖定

針對指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式，MediaStore#getVersion() 現已成為每個應用程式的專屬值。這麼做可移除版本字串中的識別屬性，以免遭到濫用，並防止用於指紋辨識技術。應用程式不應對此版本的格式做出任何假設。應用程式在使用此 API 時應已處理版本變更，且在大多數情況下，不必變更目前的行為，除非開發人員嘗試推斷超出此 API 預期範圍的其他資訊。

更安全的意圖

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.
Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

Flag Name	Description
enforceIntentFilter	Enforces stricter matching for incoming intents
none	Disables all special matching rules for incoming intents. When specifying multiple flags, conflicting values are resolved by giving precedence to the "none" flag
allowNullAction	Relaxes the matching rules to allow intents without an action to match. This flag to be used in conjunction with "enforceIntentFilter" to achieve a specific behavior

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

GPU 系統呼叫篩選

To harden the Mali GPU surface, Mali GPU IOCTLs that have been deprecated or are intended solely for GPU development have been blocked in production builds. Additionally, IOCTLs used for GPU profiling have been restricted to the shell process or debuggable applications. Refer to the SAC update for more details on the platform-level policy.

This change takes place on Pixel devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). Arm has provided official categorization of their IOCTLs in Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst of their r54p2 release. This list will continue to be maintained in future driver releases.

This change does not impact supported graphics APIs (including Vulkan and OpenGL), and is not expected to impact developers or existing applications. GPU profiling tools such as the Streamline Performance Analyzer and the Android GPU Inspector won't be affected.

Testing

If you see a SELinux denial similar to the following, it is likely your application has been impacted by this change:

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

If your application needs to use blocked IOCTLs, please file a bug and assign it to android-partner-security@google.com.

FAQ

Does this policy change apply to all OEMs? This change will be opt-in, but available to any OEMs who would like to use this hardening method. Instructions for implementing the change can be found in the implementation documentation.
Is it mandatory to make changes in the OEM codebase to implement this, or does it come with a new AOSP release by default? The platform-level change will come with a new AOSP release by default. Vendors may opt-in to this change in their codebase if they would like to apply it.
Are SoCs responsible for keeping the IOCTL list up to date? For example, if my device uses an ARM Mali GPU, would I need to reach out to ARM for any of the changes? Individual SoCs must update their IOCTL lists per device upon driver release. For example, ARM will update their published IOCTL list upon driver updates. However, OEMs should make sure that they incorporate the updates in their SEPolicy, and add any selected custom IOCTLs to the lists as needed.
Does this change apply to all Pixel in-market devices automatically, or is a user action required to toggle something to apply this change? This change applies to all Pixel in-market devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). No user action is required to apply this change.
Will use of this policy impact the performance of the kernel driver? This policy was tested on the Mali GPU using GFXBench, and no measurable change to GPU performance was observed.
Is it necessary for the IOCTL list to align with the current userspace and kernel driver versions? Yes, the list of allowed IOCTLs must be synchronized with the IOCTLs supported by both the userspace and kernel drivers. If the IOCTLs in the user space or kernel driver are updated, the SEPolicy IOCTL list must be updated to match.
ARM has categorized IOCTLs as 'restricted' / 'instrumentation', but we want to use some of them in production use-cases, and/or deny others. Individual OEMs/SoCs are responsible for deciding on how to categorize the IOCTLs they use, based on the configuration of their userspace Mali libraries. ARM's list can be used to help decide on these, but each OEM/SoC's use-case may be different.

隱私權

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列隱私權異動。

區域網路權限

只要應用程式具有 INTERNET 權限，就能存取區域網路上的裝置。這項功能可讓應用程式輕鬆連線至本機裝置，但也會造成隱私權問題，例如形成使用者指紋，以及成為位置資訊的 Proxy。

「區域網路保護」專案的目標是透過新的執行階段權限，限制區域網路的存取權，進而保護使用者隱私權。

發布計畫

這項異動將在兩個版本之間部署，分別是 25Q2 和 TBD。開發人員務必遵循 2025 年第 2 季的這項指引，並分享意見回饋，因為這些保護措施將在日後的 Android 版本中強制執行。此外，他們也需要按照下列指引更新依附於隱含本機網路存取的案例，並準備好因應使用者拒絕或撤銷新權限的情況。

影響

目前 LNP 是選擇加入的功能，因此只有選擇加入的應用程式會受到影響。在選擇加入階段，應用程式開發人員的目標是瞭解應用程式的哪些部分依附於隱含的區域網路存取權，以便為下一個版本準備權限防護措施。

如果應用程式使用下列方式存取使用者的本機網路，就會受到影響：

直接或透過程式庫使用本機網路位址上的原始通訊端 (例如 mDNS 或 SSDP 服務探索通訊協定)
使用可存取本機網路的架構層級類別 (例如 NsdManager)

往來區域網路位址的流量需要區域網路存取權。下表列出一些常見案例：

應用程式低層級網路作業	必須授予區域網路權限
建立外送 TCP 連線	是
接受傳入的 TCP 連線	是
傳送 UDP 單點傳播、多點傳播、廣播	是
接收傳入的 UDP 單點傳播、多點傳播、廣播	是

這些限制是在網路堆疊深處實作，因此適用於所有網路 API。包括以原生或受管理程式碼建立的通訊端、Cronet 和 OkHttp 等網路程式庫，以及在這些程式庫上實作的任何 API。如要解析區域網路上的服務 (即含有 .local 後置字串的服務)，必須具備區域網路權限。

上述規則的例外狀況：

如果裝置的 DNS 伺服器位於區域網路上，則往返該伺服器的流量 (通訊埠 53) 不需要區域網路存取權。
如果應用程式使用 Output Switcher 做為應用程式內選取器，則不需要區域網路權限 (更多指引將於 2025 年第 4 季發布)。

開發人員指引 (選擇加入)

如要啟用區域網路限制，請按照下列步驟操作：

將裝置刷機為 25Q2 Beta 3 以上版本。
安裝要測試的應用程式。

在 adb 中切換 Appcompat 標記：

adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

重新啟動裝置

現在應用程式的區域網路存取權受到限制，任何存取區域網路的嘗試都會導致通訊端錯誤。如果您使用的 API 會在應用程式程序外部執行本機網路作業 (例如 NsdManager)，在選擇加入階段不會受到影響。

如要還原存取權，您必須授予應用程式 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 權限。

確認應用程式在資訊清單中宣告 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 權限。
依序前往「設定」>「應用程式」>「[應用程式名稱]」>「權限」>「鄰近裝置」>「允許」。

現在應用程式應該已恢復區域網路存取權，所有情境也應與應用程式加入測試前一樣運作。

區域網路保護措施開始強制執行後，應用程式網路流量會受到以下影響。

權限	傳出 LAN 要求	傳出/傳入網際網路要求	傳入 LAN 要求
已授權	Works	Works	Works
未授予	凸槌影片	Works	凸槌影片

使用下列指令切換關閉 App-Compat 旗標

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

錯誤

每當呼叫插座叫用 send 或 send 變數至本機網路位址時，系統就會將因這些限制而產生的錯誤傳回呼叫插座。

錯誤示例：

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

區域網路定義

本專案中的本機網路是指使用可廣播的網路介面 (例如 Wi-Fi 或乙太網路) 的 IP 網路，但不包括行動網路 (WWAN) 或 VPN 連線。

下列為本機網路：

IPv4：

169.254.0.0/16 // 連結本機
100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6：

連結本地
直接連線的路徑
Thread 等存根網路
多個子網路 (待定)

此外，多點播送位址 (224.0.0.0/4、ff00::/8) 和 IPv4 廣播位址 (255.255.255.255) 都屬於本機網路位址。

應用程式擁有的相片

當指定 SDK 36 以上版本的應用程式在搭載 Android 16 以上版本的裝置上執行時，如果系統提示使用者授予相片和影片權限，選擇限制所選媒體存取權的使用者會在相片挑選器中看到應用程式預先選取的所有相片。使用者可以取消選取任何預先選取的項目，這樣一來，應用程式就無法存取這些相片和影片。