Mudanças de comportamento: apps destinados ao Android 16 ou versões mais recentes

Como nas versões anteriores, o Android 16 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As seguintes mudanças de comportamento se aplicam exclusivamente a apps destinados ao Android 16 ou mais recente. Caso seu app seja direcionado ao Android 16 ou a versões mais recentes, faça modificações para oferecer suporte a esses comportamentos, quando aplicável.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam todos os apps executados no Android 16, independente da targetSdkVersion do app.

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças, que têm como objetivo criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

A opção de desativar a exibição de ponta a ponta foi removida

O Android 15 forçou a tela de ponta a ponta para apps direcionados ao Android 15 (nível 35 da API), mas seu app pode desativar essa configuração definindo R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement como true. Para apps direcionados ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement foi descontinuado e desativado, e o app não pode desativar a exibição de borda a borda.

  • Se o app for destinado ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API) e estiver sendo executado em um dispositivo com o Android 15, o R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement vai continuar funcionando.
  • Se o app for destinado ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API) e estiver sendo executado em um dispositivo com o Android 16, o R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement será desativado.

Para testar no Android 16 Beta 3, verifique se o app oferece suporte a tela de ponta a ponta e remova qualquer uso de R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement para que ele também ofereça suporte a tela de ponta a ponta em um dispositivo Android 15. Para oferecer suporte a tela cheia, consulte as orientações de Compose e Views.

Migração ou desativação necessária para a volta preditiva

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs. or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

The predictive back-to-home animation.
The predictive cross-activity animation.
The predictive cross-task animation.

APIs de fonte elegante descontinuadas e desativadas

Os apps destinados ao Android 15 (nível 35 da API) têm o atributo elegantTextHeight TextView definido como true por padrão, substituindo a fonte compacta por uma muito mais legível. É possível substituir isso definindo o atributo elegantTextHeight como false.

O Android 16 descontinua o atributo elegantTextHeight, e ele será ignorado quando o app for destinado ao Android 16. As "fontes de IU" controladas por essas APIs estão sendo descontinuadas. Portanto, adapte todos os layouts para garantir a renderização consistente e futura de texto em árabe, lao, myanmar, tâmil, gujarati, canará, malaiala, ódia, télugo ou tailandês.

Comportamento de elegantTextHeight para apps direcionados ao Android 14 (nível 34 da API) e versões anteriores ou para apps direcionados ao Android 15 (nível 35 da API) que substituem o padrão definindo o atributo elegantTextHeight como false.
Comportamento de elegantTextHeight para apps destinados ao Android 16 ou para apps destinados ao Android 15 (nível 35 da API) que não substituíram o padrão definindo o atributo elegantTextHeight como false.

Principal recurso

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças que modificam ou expandem vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Otimização da programação de trabalho de taxa fixa

Prior to targeting Android 16, when scheduleAtFixedRate missed a task execution due to being outside a valid process lifecycle, all missed executions immediately execute when the app returns to a valid lifecycle.

When targeting Android 16, at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is immediately executed when the app returns to a valid lifecycle. This behavior change is expected to improve app performance. Test this behavior in your app to check if your app is impacted. You can also test by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS compat flag.

Formatos de dispositivo

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças para apps quando exibidos em dispositivos de tela grande.

Layouts adaptáveis

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

  • portrait
  • reversePortrait
  • sensorPortrait
  • userPortrait
  • landscape
  • reverseLandscape
  • sensorLandscape
  • userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

  • Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
  • Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
  • Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

Saúde e fitness

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças relacionadas a dados de saúde e condicionamento físico.

Permissões de saúde e fitness

Para apps destinados ao Android 16 (nível 36 da API) ou mais recente, as permissões BODY_SENSORS estão sendo substituídas pelas permissões granulares em android.permissions.health, também usadas pela Conexão Saúde. Qualquer API que antes exigia BODY_SENSORS ou BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND agora precisa da permissão android.permissions.health correspondente. Isso afeta os seguintes tipos de dados, APIs e tipos de serviço em primeiro plano:

Se o app usar essas APIs, ele precisará solicitar as permissões granulares respectivas:

Essas permissões são as mesmas que protegem o acesso à leitura de dados da Conexão Saúde, o repositório de dados do Android para dados de saúde, fitness e bem-estar.

Apps para dispositivos móveis

Os apps para dispositivos móveis que migram para usar a READ_HEART_RATE e outras permissões granulares também precisam declarar uma atividade para mostrar a Política de Privacidade do app. Esse é o mesmo requisito da Conexão Saúde.

Conectividade

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças na pilha de Bluetooth para melhorar a conectividade com dispositivos periféricos.

Novas intents para lidar com perda de vínculo e mudanças de criptografia

Como parte do Processamento de perda de vínculo aprimorado, o Android 16 também apresenta duas novas intents para dar aos apps mais consciência da perda de vínculo e mudanças de criptografia.

Os apps destinados ao Android 16 agora podem:

  • Receber uma intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING quando a perda de vínculo remoto é detectada, permitindo que eles forneçam feedback mais informativo ao usuário e realizem ações apropriadas.
  • Receba uma intent ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE sempre que o status de criptografia do link mudar. Isso inclui a mudança de status de criptografia, de algoritmo de criptografia e de tamanho da chave de criptografia. Os apps precisam considerar a vinculação restaurada se o link for criptografado ao receber a intent ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE mais tarde.

Se o app usa mecanismos personalizados para o processamento de perda de vínculo, migre para a nova intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING para detectar e gerenciar eventos de perda de vínculo. Recomendamos que o app oriente o usuário a confirmar se o dispositivo remoto está no alcance antes de iniciar o esquecimento e o novo pareamento.

Além disso, se um dispositivo se desconectar depois que a intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING for recebida, o app precisará se reconectar ao dispositivo, já que ele pode não estar mais vinculado ao sistema.

Nova forma de remover a vinculação Bluetooth

Todos os apps destinados ao Android 16 agora podem desvincular dispositivos Bluetooth usando uma API pública em CompanionDeviceManager. Se um dispositivo complementar estiver sendo gerenciado como uma associação de CDM, o app poderá acionar a remoção de pareamento Bluetooth usando a nova API removeBond(int) no dispositivo associado. O app pode monitorar as mudanças de estado de vinculação ouvindo o evento de transmissão do dispositivo Bluetooth ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

Segurança

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças de segurança.

Bloqueio de versão da MediaStore

Para apps destinados ao Android 16 ou mais recente, o MediaStore#getVersion() agora será exclusivo para cada app. Isso elimina as propriedades de identificação da string de versão para evitar abuso e uso para técnicas de impressão digital. Os apps não podem fazer suposições sobre o formato dessa versão. Os apps já precisam processar mudanças de versão ao usar essa API e, na maioria dos casos, não precisam mudar o comportamento atual, a menos que o desenvolvedor tenha tentado inferir informações adicionais que estão além do escopo pretendido dessa API.

Intents mais seguras

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

  1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

  2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

  • Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
  • Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Flag Name Description
enforceIntentFilter Enforces stricter matching for incoming intents
none Disables all special matching rules for incoming intents. When specifying multiple flags, conflicting values are resolved by giving precedence to the "none" flag
allowNullAction Relaxes the matching rules to allow intents without an action to match. This flag to be used in conjunction with "enforceIntentFilter" to achieve a specific behavior

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Privacidade

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças de privacidade.

Permissão de rede local

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

  • Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
  • Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

App Low Level Network Operation Local Network Permission Required
Making an outgoing TCP connection yes
Accepting incoming TCP connections yes
Sending a UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast yes
Receiving an incoming UDP unicast, multicast, broadcast yes

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

  • If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
  • Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

  1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
  2. Install the app to be tested.
  3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

    adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
    
  4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

  1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
  2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Permission Outbound LAN Request Outbound/Inbound Internet Request Inbound LAN Request
Granted Works Works Works
Not Granted Fails Works Fails

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

  • 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
  • 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
  • 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
  • 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
  • 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

  • Link-local
  • Directly-connected routes
  • Stub networks like Thread
  • Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

Fotos de propriedade do app

Quando um app destinado ao SDK 36 ou mais recente solicitar permissões de fotos e vídeos em dispositivos com o Android 16 ou versões mais recentes, os usuários que optarem por limitar o acesso à mídia selecionada vão encontrar as fotos pertencentes ao app pré-selecionadas no seletor de fotos. Os usuários podem desmarcar qualquer um desses itens pré-selecionados, o que revoga o acesso do app a essas fotos e vídeos.