Davranış değişiklikleri: Android 16 veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalar

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Önceki sürümlerde olduğu gibi Android 16'da da uygulamanızı etkileyebilecek davranış değişiklikleri yer alıyor. Aşağıdaki davranış değişiklikleri yalnızca Android 16 veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalar için geçerlidir. Uygulamanız Android 16 veya sonraki sürümleri hedefliyorsa geçerli olduğu durumlarda uygulamanızı bu davranışları destekleyecek şekilde değiştirmeniz gerekir.

Uygulamanızın targetSdkVersion sürümünden bağımsız olarak Android 16'da çalışan tüm uygulamaları etkileyen davranış değişiklikleri listesini de incelemeyi unutmayın.

Kullanıcı deneyimi ve sistem kullanıcı arayüzü

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36), daha tutarlı ve sezgisel bir kullanıcı deneyimi sunmak için tasarlanmış aşağıdaki değişiklikleri içerir.

Uçtan uca ekran kapsamı dışında kalma özelliği kullanımdan kaldırılıyor

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16 Beta 3, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

Tahmini geri arama için taşıma veya devre dışı bırakma işlemi gereklidir

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36) veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen ve Android 16 veya sonraki sürümlerin yüklü olduğu bir cihazda çalışan uygulamalarda tahmini geri sistem animasyonları (ana sayfaya geri, görevler arası ve etkinlikler arası) varsayılan olarak etkindir. Ayrıca onBackPressed çağrılmaz ve KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK artık gönderilmez.

Uygulamanız geri etkinliğini durduruyorsa ve henüz tahmini geri özelliğine geçmediyseniz uygulamanızı, desteklenen geri gezinme API'lerini kullanacak şekilde güncelleyin veya uygulamanızın AndroidManifest.xml dosyasının <application> veya <activity> etiketinde android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback özelliğini false olarak ayarlayarak geçici olarak devre dışı bırakın.

Elegant yazı tipi API'leri kullanımdan kaldırıldı ve devre dışı bırakıldı

Android 15'i (API düzeyi 35) hedefleyen uygulamalarda elegantTextHeight TextView özelliği varsayılan olarak true olarak ayarlanır. Bu sayede, kompakt yazı tipi çok daha okunaklı bir yazı tipiyle değiştirilir. elegantTextHeight özelliğini false olarak ayarlayarak bu ayarı geçersiz kılabilirsiniz.

Android 16'da elegantTextHeight özelliğinin desteği sonlandırılmıştır. Uygulamanız Android 16'yı hedeflediğinde bu özellik göz ardı edilir. Bu API'ler tarafından kontrol edilen "kullanıcı arayüzü yazı tipleri" kullanımdan kaldırılıyor. Bu nedenle, Arapça, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Guceratça, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu veya Tayca dillerinde tutarlı ve geleceğe hazır metin oluşturma sağlamak için tüm düzenleri uyarlamanız gerekir.

Android 14 (API düzeyi 34) ve önceki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalar veya Android 15 (API düzeyi 35)'i hedefleyen ve elegantTextHeight özelliğini false olarak ayarlayarak varsayılan ayarı geçersiz kılan uygulamalar için

Temel işlevler

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36), Android sisteminin çeşitli temel özelliklerini değiştiren veya genişleten aşağıdaki değişiklikleri içerir.

Sabit ücretli iş planlama optimizasyonu

Android 16'yı hedeflemeden önce, scheduleAtFixedRate geçerli bir işlem yaşam döngüsü dışında olduğu için bir görev yürütmeyi kaçırdığında, uygulama geçerli bir yaşam döngüsüne döndüğünde tüm kaçırılan yürütmeler hemen yürütülür.

Android 16'yı hedeflerken, uygulama geçerli bir yaşam döngüsüne döndüğünde en fazla bir scheduleAtFixedRate yürütme işleminin eksikliği hemen yürütülür. Bu davranış değişikliğinin uygulama performansını iyileştirmesi bekleniyor. Uygulamanızın etkilenip etkilenmediğini kontrol etmek için uygulamanızda bu davranışı test edin. Uygulama uyumluluk çerçevesini kullanarak ve STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS uyumluluk işaretini etkinleştirerek de test yapabilirsiniz.

Cihaz form faktörleri

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36), büyük ekranlı cihazlarda gösterilen uygulamalar için aşağıdaki değişiklikleri içerir.

Uyarlanabilir düzenler

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

Sağlık ve fitness

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36), sağlık ve fitness verileriyle ilgili aşağıdaki değişiklikleri içerir.

Sağlık ve fitness izinleri

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36) veya sonraki sürümleri hedefleyen uygulamalar için BODY_SENSORS izinleri, Health Connect tarafından da kullanılan android.permissions.health altındaki ayrıntılı izinlere geçiriliyor. Daha önce BODY_SENSORS veya BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND iznini gerektiren tüm API'ler artık ilgili android.permissions.health iznini gerektiriyor. Bu durum aşağıdaki veri türlerini, API'leri ve ön plan hizmeti türlerini etkiler:

• Wear Health Services'den HEART_RATE_BPM
• Android Sensör Yöneticisi'nden Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE
• Wear ProtoLayout'dan heartRateAccuracy ve heartRateBpm
• BODY_SENSORS yerine ilgili android.permission.health izninin gerekli olduğu FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH

Uygulamanız bu API'leri kullanıyorsa artık ilgili ayrıntılı izinleri istemelidir:

• Kalp atış hızı, SpO2 veya cilt sıcaklığının kullanım sırasında izlenmesi için: android.permissions.health altında ayrıntılı izin isteyin (ör. BODY_SENSORS yerine READ_HEART_RATE).
• Arka planda sensör erişimi için: BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND yerine READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND isteğinde bulunun.

Bu izinler, sağlık, fitness ve sağlıklı yaşam verileri için Android veri deposu olan Health Connect'ten veri okuma erişimini koruyan izinlerle aynıdır.

Mobil uygulamalar

READ_HEART_RATE ve diğer ayrıntılı izinleri kullanmaya geçen mobil uygulamalar, uygulamanın gizlilik politikasını görüntülemek için bir etkinlik de beyan etmelidir. Bu, Health Connect ile aynı koşuldur.

Bağlantı

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36), çevre birimleri ile bağlantıyı iyileştirmek için Bluetooth yığınında aşağıdaki değişiklikleri içerir.

Bağ kaybı ve şifreleme değişikliklerini işlemek için yeni intent'ler

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

If your app currently uses custom mechanisms for bond loss handling, migrate to the new intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING to detect and manage bond loss events. We recommend your app guide the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting and re-pairing.

Moreover, if a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is received, your app should be mindful about reconnecting to the device as that device may no longer be bonded with the system.

Güvenlik

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36), aşağıdaki güvenlik değişikliklerini içerir.

MediaStore sürüm kilidi

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

Daha Güvenli Intent'ler

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app, now with Android 16, shifts control to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

More on the supported flags:

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

Gizlilik

Android 16 (API düzeyi 36), aşağıdaki gizlilik değişikliklerini içerir.

Yerel Ağ İzni

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.