行為變更：指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式

和先前版本一樣，Android 16 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式。如果您的應用程式指定 Android 16 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看影響所有在 Android 16 上執行的應用程式行為變更清單。

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列異動，旨在打造更一致、直觀的使用者體驗。

無邊框設計停用選項即將移除

Android 15 對以 Android 15 (API 級別 35) 為目標版本的應用程式強制執行無邊框設計，但您可以將 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 設為 true，選擇不採用這項設計。如果應用程式指定 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 為目標，系統會淘汰並停用 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement，且應用程式無法選擇不採用無邊框設計。

• 如果應用程式指定 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 版本為目標，且在 Android 15 裝置上執行，R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 仍可正常運作。
• 如果應用程式指定 Android 16 (API 級別 36)，且在 Android 16 裝置上執行，系統會停用 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement。

如要在 Android 16 中進行測試，請確保應用程式支援無邊框設計，並移除所有 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement 的使用情形，讓應用程式也能在 Android 15 裝置上支援無邊框設計。如要支援無邊框設計，請參閱 Compose 和 Views 指南。

必須遷移或停用預測返回手勢

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations (back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default. Additionally, onBackPressed is not called and KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK is not dispatched anymore.

If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs, or temporarily opt out by setting the android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback attribute to false in the <application> or <activity> tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml file.

優雅字型 API 已淘汰並停用

指定 Android 15 (API 級別 35) 的應用程式會預設將 elegantTextHeight TextView 屬性設為 true，以更易於閱讀的字型取代精簡字型。您可以將 elegantTextHeight 屬性設為 false，藉此覆寫這項設定。

Android 16 會淘汰 elegantTextHeight 屬性，應用程式指定 Android 16 後，系統就會忽略該屬性。這些 API 控制的「UI 字型」即將停用，因此請調整所有版面配置，確保阿拉伯文、寮文、緬甸文、泰米爾文、古吉拉特文、卡納達文、馬拉雅拉姆文、奧里亞文、泰盧固文或泰文的文字顯示方式一致，且日後不會出錯。

針對指定 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 以下版本的應用程式，或指定 Android 15 (API 級別 35) 但將 elegantTextHeight 屬性設為 false，藉此覆寫預設行為的應用程式，

如果應用程式指定 Android 16 (API 級別 36)，或指定 Android 15 (API 級別 35) 但未將 elegantTextHeight 屬性設為 false 來覆寫預設值，則會採用

核心功能

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，可修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

固定費率工作排程最佳化

在指定 Android 16 之前，如果 scheduleAtFixedRate 因不在有效的程序生命週期中而錯過執行工作，則應用程式返回有效生命週期時，所有錯過的執行作業會立即執行。

針對 Android 16 進行指定時，應用程式返回有效生命週期時，最多會立即執行 一次遺漏的 scheduleAtFixedRate 執行作業。這項行為異動預計可改善應用程式效能。在應用程式中測試這項行為，確認應用程式是否受到影響。您也可以使用應用程式相容性架構，並啟用 STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS 相容性標記來進行測試。

裝置板型規格

在大型螢幕裝置上顯示應用程式時，Android 16 (API 級別 36) 會進行下列變更。

自動調整式版面配置

Android 應用程式現在可在各種裝置上執行 (例如手機、平板電腦、折疊式裝置、桌機、車輛和電視)，且大螢幕提供多種視窗模式 (例如分割畫面和桌機視窗)，因此開發人員應建構可適應任何螢幕和視窗大小的 Android 應用程式，無論裝置方向為何。在現今多裝置的世界中，限制螢幕方向和大小調整等範例過於嚴苛。

忽略螢幕方向、是否可調整大小和顯示比例限制

如果應用程式指定 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 為目標，Android 16 會變更系統管理螢幕方向、大小調整功能和長寬比限制的方式。如果螢幕的最小寬度 >= 600dp，就不再適用這些限制。應用程式也會填滿整個顯示視窗，無論長寬比或使用者偏好的螢幕方向為何，都不會出現側邊黑邊。

這項異動會導入新的標準平台行為。Android 正在朝向應用程式可適應各種螢幕方向、大小和顯示比例的模型發展。固定螢幕方向或限制尺寸調整等限制會阻礙應用程式的適應性，因此建議讓應用程式具備適應性，提供最佳使用者體驗。

您也可以使用應用程式相容性架構，並啟用 UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT 相容性標記，測試這項行為。

常見的破壞性變更

忽略方向、大小調整和長寬比限制，可能會影響應用程式在某些裝置上的 UI，尤其是專為鎖定直向的小版面配置設計的元素，例如版面配置遭到延展，以及動畫和元件超出螢幕範圍等問題。如果對顯示比例或螢幕方向做出任何假設，可能會導致應用程式出現視覺問題。請參閱這篇文章，進一步瞭解如何避免這類問題，並改善應用程式的適應性行為。

允許裝置旋轉會導致更多活動重建，如果未妥善保留，可能會導致使用者狀態遺失。如要瞭解如何正確儲存 UI 狀態，請參閱「儲存 UI 狀態」。

導入作業詳細資料

在全螢幕和多視窗模式下，大型螢幕裝置會忽略下列資訊清單屬性和執行階段 API：

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

系統會忽略 screenOrientation、setRequestedOrientation() 和 getRequestedOrientation() 的下列值：

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

就螢幕大小調整功能而言，android:resizeableActivity="false"、android:minAspectRatio 和 android:maxAspectRatio 沒有影響。

如果應用程式以 Android 16 (API 級別 36) 為目標，系統預設會忽略大螢幕上的應用程式方向、大小調整和長寬比限制，但每個尚未完全準備就緒的應用程式都可以暫時選擇停用這項行為 (這會導致應用程式進入相容性模式)。

例外狀況

在下列情況中，Android 16 的螢幕方向、大小調整和長寬比限制不適用：

• 遊戲 (根據 android:appCategory 旗標)
• 使用者在裝置的顯示比例設定中，明確選擇採用應用程式的預設行為
• 小於 sw600dp 的螢幕

暫時退出

如要選擇不記錄特定活動，請宣告 PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY 資訊清單屬性：

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

如果應用程式有太多部分尚未支援 Android 16，您可以在應用程式層級套用相同屬性，完全停用這項功能：

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

健康與健身

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列與健康和健身資料相關的變更。

健康與健身權限

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

連線能力

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 的藍牙堆疊包含下列變更，可提升與周邊裝置的連線能力。

處理債券遺失和加密變更的新意圖

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

移除藍牙配對的新方式

所有以 Android 16 為目標版本的應用程式，現在都能使用 CompanionDeviceManager 中的公開 API 解除配對藍牙裝置。如果隨附裝置是以 CDM 關聯方式管理，應用程式可以在關聯裝置上使用新的 removeBond(int) API 觸發藍牙連結移除作業。應用程式可以監控連結狀態變更，方法是監聽藍牙裝置廣播事件 ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED。

安全性

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列安全性異動。

MediaStore 版本鎖定

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

更安全的意圖

「更安全的意圖」功能是一項多階段安全防護計畫，旨在提升 Android 意圖解析機制的安全性。目標是在意圖處理期間新增檢查，並篩除不符合特定條件的意圖，藉此保護應用程式免於惡意行為。

在 Android 15 中，這項功能著重於傳送應用程式，現在 Android 16 則將控制權轉移至接收應用程式，讓開發人員使用應用程式資訊清單選擇加入嚴格的意圖解析。

我們將實施兩項重大變更：

1. 明確意圖必須與目標元件的意圖篩選器相符：如果意圖明確指定元件，則應與該元件的意圖篩選器相符。

2. 沒有動作的意圖無法與任何意圖篩選器相符：如果意圖未指定動作，就不應解析至任何意圖篩選器。

這些變更只會在涉及多個應用程式時生效，不會影響單一應用程式內的意圖處理程序。

影響

由於這項功能採選擇啟用制，開發人員必須在應用程式資訊清單中明確啟用，才會生效。因此，這項功能只會影響開發人員符合下列條件的應用程式：

• 瞭解 Safer Intents 功能及其優點。
• 主動選擇在應用程式中採用更嚴格的意圖處理做法。

這種選擇加入的做法可將風險降到最低，避免現有應用程式因依賴目前安全性較低的意圖解析行為而無法運作。

雖然 Safer Intents 計畫在 Android 16 的影響可能有限，但我們已制定發展藍圖，未來將在 Android 版本中擴大影響。我們最終會將嚴格意圖解析設為預設行為。

Safer Intents 功能可讓惡意應用程式更難以利用意圖解析機制中的漏洞，因此有助於大幅提升 Android 生態系統的安全性。

不過，為解決現有應用程式的潛在相容性問題，我們必須謹慎管理選擇停用和強制執行的過渡期。

實作

開發人員必須在應用程式資訊清單中使用 intentMatchingFlags 屬性，明確啟用更嚴格的意圖比對。以下範例說明如何為整個應用程式選擇啟用這項功能，但針對接收器停用/選擇停用這項功能：

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

支援的標記詳細說明：

測試與偵錯

強制執行功能啟用後，如果意圖呼叫端已正確填入意圖，應用程式應可正常運作。不過，遭封鎖的 Intent 會觸發警告記錄訊息，例如 "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" 和 "Access blocked:"，並附上 "PackageManager." 標記。這表示可能存在影響應用程式的問題，需要特別注意。

Logcat 篩選器：

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

隱私權

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列隱私權異動。

區域網路權限

Devices on the LAN can be accessed by any app that has the INTERNET permission. This makes it easy for apps to connect to local devices but it also has privacy implications such as forming a fingerprint of the user, and being a proxy for location.

The Local Network Protections project aims to protect the user's privacy by gating access to the local network behind a new runtime permission.

Release plan

This change will be deployed between two releases, 25Q2 and TBD respectively. It is imperative that developers follow this guidance for 25Q2 and share feedback because these protections will be enforced at a later Android release. Moreover, they will need to update scenarios which depend on implicit local network access by using the following guidance and prepare for user rejection and revocation of the new permission.

Impact

At the current stage, LNP is an opt-in feature which means only the apps that opt in will be affected. The goal of the opt-in phase is for app developers to understand which parts of their app depend on implicit local network access such that they can prepare to permission guard them for the next release.

Apps will be affected if they access the user's local network using:

• Direct or library use of raw sockets on local network addresses (e.g. mDNS or SSDP service discovery protocol)
• Use of framework level classes that access the local network (e.g. NsdManager)

Traffic to and from a local network address requires local network access permission. The following table lists some common cases:

These restrictions are implemented deep in the networking stack, and thus they apply to all networking APIs. This includes sockets created in native or managed code, networking libraries like Cronet and OkHttp, and any APIs implemented on top of those. Trying to resolve services on the local network (i.e. those with a .local suffix) will require local network permission.

Exceptions to the rules above:

• If a device's DNS server is on a local network, traffic to or from it (at port 53) doesn't require local network access permission.
• Applications using Output Switcher as their in-app picker won't need local network permissions (more guidance to come in 2025Q4).

Developer Guidance (Opt-in)

To opt into local network restrictions, do the following:

1. Flash the device to a build with 25Q2 Beta 3 or later.
2. Install the app to be tested.

3. Toggle the Appcompat flag in adb:

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. Reboot The device

Now your app's access to the local network is restricted and any attempt to access the local network will lead to socket errors. If you are using APIs that perform local network operations outside of your app process (ex: NsdManager), they won't be impacted during the opt-in phase.

To restore access, you must grant your app permission to NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES.

1. Ensure the app declares the NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission in its manifest.
2. Go to Settings > Apps > [Application Name] > Permissions > Nearby devices > Allow.

Now your app's access to the local network should be restored and all your scenarios should work as they did prior to opting the app in.

Once enforcement for local network protection begins, here is how the app network traffic will be impacted.

Use the following command to toggle-off the App-Compat flag

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

Errors

Errors arising from these restrictions will be returned to the calling socket whenever it invokes send or a send variant to a local network address.

Example errors:

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

Local Network Definition

A local network in this project refers to an IP network that utilizes a broadcast-capable network interface, such as Wi-Fi or Ethernet, but excludes cellular (WWAN) or VPN connections.

The following are considered local networks:

IPv4:

• 169.254.0.0/16 // Link Local
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6:

• Link-local
• Directly-connected routes
• Stub networks like Thread
• Multiple-subnets (TBD)

Additionally, both multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4, ff00::/8) and the IPv4 broadcast address (255.255.255.255) are classified as local network addresses.

應用程式擁有的相片

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.