与早期版本一样,Android 16 包含一些行为变更,这些变更可能会影响您的应用。以下行为变更仅影响以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台的应用。如果您的应用以 Android 16 或更高版本为目标平台,您应该修改自己的应用以支持这些行为(如果适用)。
请务必查看对 Android 16 上运行的所有应用都有影响的行为变更列表(无论应用的 targetSdkVersion
如何)。
用户体验和系统界面
Android 16(API 级别 36)进行了以下更改,旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。
无边框设计停用退出选项
Android 15 强制为以 Android 15(API 级别 35)为目标平台的应用启用边到边,但您的应用可以通过将 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
设为 true
来选择停用。对于以 Android 16(API 级别 36)为目标平台的应用,R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
已废弃并停用,并且您的应用无法选择停用全屏模式。
- 如果您的应用以 Android 16(API 级别 36)为目标平台,并且在 Android 15 设备上运行,
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
会继续运行。 - 如果您的应用以 Android 16(API 级别 36)为目标平台,并且在 Android 16 设备上运行,则
R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
会被停用。
如需在 Android 16 Beta 版 3 中进行测试,请确保您的应用支持无边框设计,并移除对 R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement
的所有使用,以便您的应用在 Android 15 设备上也支持无边框设计。如需支持边到边,请参阅 Compose 和 Views 指南。
必须迁移或停用预测性返回
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher and running on an
Android 16 or higher device, the predictive back system animations
(back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity) are enabled by default.
Additionally, onBackPressed
is not called and
KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK
is not dispatched anymore.
If your app intercepts the back event and you haven't migrated to predictive
back yet, update your app to use supported back navigation APIs. or
temporarily opt out by setting the
android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback
attribute to false
in the
<application>
or <activity>
tag of your app's AndroidManifest.xml
file.
优雅字体 API 已废弃并停用
Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the
elegantTextHeight
TextView
attribute set to true
by
default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You
could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight
attribute to false
.
Android 16 deprecates the
elegantTextHeight
attribute,
and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI
fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any
layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao,
Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

elegantTextHeight
behavior for apps targeting Android
14 (API level 34) and lower, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35)
that overrode the default by setting the elegantTextHeight
attribute to false
.
elegantTextHeight
behavior for apps targeting Android
16, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that didn't override the
default by setting the elegantTextHeight
attribute to
false
.核心功能
Android 16(API 级别 36)包含以下更改,用于修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。
固定费率工作调度优化
在以 Android 16 为目标平台之前,如果 scheduleAtFixedRate
因不在有效的进程生命周期内而错过了任务执行,则当应用返回到有效的生命周期时,所有错过的执行会立即执行。
以 Android 16 为目标平台时,当应用返回到有效的生命周期时,系统会立即执行最多 1 次未执行的 scheduleAtFixedRate
执行。此行为变更预计会提升应用性能。在您的应用中测试此行为,检查您的应用是否受到影响。您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS
兼容性标志进行测试。
设备规格
Android 16(API 级别 36)对应用在大屏设备上显示时做出了以下更改。
自适应布局
With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.
Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), Android 16 includes changes to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions. On displays with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions no longer apply. Apps also fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.
This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability, so we recommend making your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.
You can also test this behavior by using the
app compatibility framework and
enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT
compat flag.
Common breaking changes
Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.
Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.
Implementation details
The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:
screenOrientation
resizableActivity
minAspectRatio
maxAspectRatio
setRequestedOrientation()
getRequestedOrientation()
The following values for screenOrientation
, setRequestedOrientation()
, and
getRequestedOrientation()
are ignored:
portrait
reversePortrait
sensorPortrait
userPortrait
landscape
reverseLandscape
sensorLandscape
userLandscape
Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false"
,
android:minAspectRatio
, and android:maxAspectRatio
have no effect.
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default, but every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out (which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode).
Exceptions
The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:
- Games (based on the
android:appCategory
flag) - Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
- Screens that are smaller than
sw600dp
Opt out temporarily
To opt out a specific activity, declare the
PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY
manifest property:
<activity ...>
<property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
...
</activity>
If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:
<application ...>
<property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>
健康与健身
Android 16(API 级别 36)包含与健康与健身数据相关的以下变更。
健康与健身权限
For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher,
BODY_SENSORS
permissions are transitioning to the
granular permissions under android.permissions.health
also used by Health
Connect. Any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS
or
BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND
now requires the corresponding
android.permissions.health
permission. This affects the following data types,
APIs, and foreground service types:
HEART_RATE_BPM
from Wear Health ServicesSensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE
from Android Sensor ManagerheartRateAccuracy
andheartRateBpm
from WearProtoLayout
FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH
where the respectiveandroid.permission.health
permission is needed in place ofBODY_SENSORS
If your app uses these APIs, it should now request the respective granular permissions:
- For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature:
request the granular permission under
android.permissions.health
, such asREAD_HEART_RATE
instead ofBODY_SENSORS
. - For background sensor access: request
READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND
instead ofBODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND
.
These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.
Mobile apps
Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE
and other granular
permissions must also declare an activity to display
the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.
连接
Android 16(API 级别 36)在蓝牙堆栈中进行了以下更改,以改善与外围设备的连接。
用于处理键绑定丢失和加密更改的新 intent
As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.
Apps targeting Android 16 can now:
- Receive an
ACTION_KEY_MISSING
intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions. - Receive an
ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE
intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receivingACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE
intent later.
If your app currently uses custom mechanisms for bond loss handling, migrate to
the new intent ACTION_KEY_MISSING
to detect and manage bond loss
events. We recommend your app guide the user to confirm the remote device is in
range before initiating device forgetting and re-pairing.
Moreover, if a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING
intent
is received, your app should be mindful about reconnecting to the device as that
device may no longer be bonded with the system.
安全
Android 16(API 级别 36)包含安全方面的以下变更。
MediaStore 版本锁定
For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion()
will now
be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version
string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't
make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already
handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to
change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer
additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.
更安全的 intent
“更安全的 intent”功能是一项分阶段的安全计划,旨在提高 Android intent 解析机制的安全性。目的是在 intent 处理期间添加检查并过滤不符合特定条件的 intent,以保护应用免受恶意操作的侵害。
在 Android 15 中,该功能侧重于发送应用,而现在在 Android 16 中,该功能会将控制权转移到接收应用,让开发者可以选择使用应用清单启用严格的 intent 解析。
我们将实施以下两项重大变更:
显式 intent 必须与目标组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配:如果 intent 明确定位到某个组件,则应与该组件的 intent 过滤器相匹配。
没有操作的 intent 无法与任何 intent 过滤器匹配:未指定操作的 intent 不应解析为任何 intent 过滤器。
这些更改仅适用于涉及多个应用的情况,不会影响单个应用内的 intent 处理。
影响
这种“用户选择启用”属性意味着,开发者必须在应用清单中明确启用该功能,才能使其生效。因此,只有开发者符合以下条件的应用会受到该功能的影响:
- 了解“更安全的 intent”功能及其优势。
- 主动选择在应用中采用更严格的 intent 处理做法。
这种“用户选择接受”方法可最大限度地降低破坏可能依赖于当前安全性较低的 intent 解析行为的现有应用的风险。
虽然在 Android 16 中的初始影响可能有限,但“更安全的 intent”计划制定了路线图,以便在未来的 Android 版本中产生更广泛的影响。我们的计划是最终将严格的 intent 解析设为默认行为。
通过提高恶意应用利用 intent 解析机制中的漏洞的难度,更安全的 intent 功能有望显著增强 Android 生态系统的安全性。
不过,必须谨慎管理向“用户选择拒绝才无效”和强制执行过渡,以解决与现有应用的潜在兼容性问题。
实现
开发者需要在应用清单中使用 intentMatchingFlags
属性明确启用更严格的 intent 匹配。以下示例展示了如何为整个应用选择启用该功能,但在接收器上停用/选择停用该功能:
<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
<receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
</intent-filter>
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
</intent-filter>
</receiver>
</application>
有关支持的标志的更多信息:
标志名称 | 说明 |
---|---|
enforceIntentFilter | 对传入 intent 强制执行更严格的匹配 |
none | 停用针对传入 intent 的所有特殊匹配规则。指定多个标志时,系统会通过将“none”标志的优先级设为最高来解析冲突的值 |
allowNullAction | 放宽匹配规则,以允许没有匹配操作的 intent。此标志应与“enforceIntentFilter”结合使用,以实现特定行为 |
测试和调试
强制执行生效后,如果 intent 调用方已正确填充 intent,应用应能正常运行。不过,被屏蔽的 intent 会触发带有标记 "PackageManager."
的警告日志消息,例如 "Intent does not match component's intent filter:"
和 "Access blocked:"
。这表示可能存在影响应用且需要注意的潜在问题。
Logcat 过滤条件:
tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")
隐私设置
Android 16(API 级别 36)包含以下隐私权变更。
本地网络权限
具有 INTERNET
权限的任何应用都可以访问 LAN 上的设备。这样一来,应用便可轻松连接到本地设备,但这也可能会影响隐私,例如形成用户的指纹,以及充当位置信息的代理。
本地网络保护项目旨在通过将对本地网络的访问权限置于新的运行时权限后面来保护用户的隐私。
发布计划
这项更改将在两个版本(分别为 25Q2 和 TBD)之间部署。 开发者必须遵循 25Q2 的相关指南并分享反馈,因为这些保护措施将在较新的 Android 版本中强制执行。此外,他们需要按照以下指南更新依赖于隐式本地网络访问权限的场景,并为用户拒绝和撤消新权限做好准备。
影响
目前,LNP 是一项用户可选择启用的功能,这意味着只有选择启用该功能的应用会受到影响。选择启用阶段的目标是让应用开发者了解其应用的哪些部分依赖于隐式本地网络访问权限,以便他们为下一个版本做好权限保护准备。
如果应用使用以下方式访问用户的本地网络,则会受到影响:
- 在本地网络地址上直接或通过库使用原始套接字(例如 mDNS 或 SSDP 服务发现协议)
- 使用访问本地网络的框架级类(例如 NsdManager)
到和从本地网络地址发送的流量需要本地网络访问权限。下表列出了一些常见用例:
应用低级网络操作 | 需要本地网络权限 |
---|---|
建立出站 TCP 连接 | 是 |
接受传入的 TCP 连接 | 是 |
发送 UDP 单播、多播、广播 | 是 |
接收传入的 UDP 单播、多播、广播 | 是 |
这些限制在网络堆栈深处实现,因此适用于所有网络 API。这包括在原生代码或受管理代码中创建的套接字、Cronet 和 OkHttp 等网络库,以及在这些库之上实现的任何 API。尝试解析本地网络上的服务(即带有 .local 后缀的服务)需要本地网络权限。
上述规则的例外情况:
- 如果设备的 DNS 服务器位于本地网络中,则向其发送或从其接收的流量(在端口 53 上)不需要本地网络访问权限。
- 使用输出切换器作为应用内选择器的应用无需本地网络权限(更多指南将于 2025 年第 4 季度发布)。
开发者指南(用户选择启用)
如需选择启用本地网络限制,请执行以下操作:
- 将设备刷写为搭载 25Q2 Beta 版 3 或更高版本的 build。
- 安装要测试的应用。
在 adb 中切换 Appcompat 标志:
adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
重新启动设备
现在,您的应用对本地网络的访问权限受到限制,任何尝试访问本地网络的操作都会导致套接字错误。如果您使用的 API 在应用进程之外执行本地网络操作(例如 NsdManager),则在用户选择启用该功能期间,这些 API 不会受到影响。
如需恢复访问权限,您必须向应用授予 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES
权限。
- 确保应用在其清单中声明了
NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES
权限。 - 依次前往设置 > 应用 > [应用名称] > 权限 > 附近的设备 > 允许。
现在,您的应用对本地网络的访问权限应该已恢复,并且所有场景都应像在应用选择启用之前一样正常运行。
本地网络保护功能开始强制执行后,应用网络流量将受到以下影响。
权限 | 出站 LAN 请求 | 出站/入站互联网请求 | 入站 LAN 请求 |
---|---|---|---|
已授予 | Works | Works | Works |
未授予 | 最差排行榜 | Works | 最差排行榜 |
使用以下命令关闭 App-Compat 标志
adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
错误
每当调用套接字向本地网络地址调用 send 或 send 变体时,系统都会将因这些限制而产生的错误返回给调用套接字。
错误示例:
sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)
sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)
本地网络定义
本项目中的本地网络是指使用支持广播的网络接口(例如 Wi-Fi 或以太网)的 IP 网络,但不包括移动网络 (WWAN) 或 VPN 连接。
以下网络被视为本地网络:
IPv4:
- 169.254.0.0/16 // 链路本地
- 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
- 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
- 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
- 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918
IPv6:
- 链路本地
- 直接连接的路线
- Thread 等桩网络
- 多个子网(待定)
此外,多播地址 (224.0.0.0/4、ff00::/8) 和 IPv4 广播地址 (255.255.255.255) 都被归类为本地网络地址。
应用拥有的照片
When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.