Perubahan perilaku: semua aplikasi

Platform Android 15 menyertakan perubahan perilaku yang mungkin memengaruhi aplikasi Anda. Perubahan perilaku berikut ini berlaku untuk semua aplikasi saat dijalankan di Android 15, terlepas dari targetSdkVersion. Sebaiknya uji aplikasi Anda, lalu modifikasi sesuai kebutuhan untuk mendukung perubahan ini dengan tepat, jika memungkinkan.

Selain itu, pastikan Anda meninjau daftar perubahan perilaku yang hanya memengaruhi aplikasi yang menargetkan Android 15.

Fungsi inti

Android 15 mengubah atau memperluas berbagai kemampuan inti sistem Android.

Perubahan pada status paket dihentikan

The intention of the package FLAG_STOPPED state (which users can engage in AOSP builds by long-pressing an app icon and selecting "Force Stop") has always been to keep apps in this state until the user explicitly removes the app from this state by directly launching the app or indirectly interacting with the app (through the sharesheet or a widget, selecting the app as live wallpaper, etc.). In Android 15, we've updated the behavior of the system to be aligned with this intended behavior. Apps should only be removed from the stopped state through direct or indirect user action.

To support the intended behavior, in addition to the existing restrictions, the system also cancels all pending intents when the app enters the stopped state on a device running Android 15. When the user's actions remove the app from the stopped state, the ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED broadcast is delivered to the app providing an opportunity to re-register any pending intents.

You can call the new ApplicationStartInfo.wasForceStopped() method to confirm whether the app was put into the stopped state.

Dukungan untuk ukuran halaman 16 KB

Sebelumnya, Android hanya mendukung ukuran halaman memori 4 KB, yang telah mengoptimalkan performa memori sistem untuk jumlah total memori rata-rata yang biasanya dimiliki perangkat Android. Mulai dari Android 15, AOSP mendukung perangkat yang dikonfigurasi untuk menggunakan ukuran halaman 16 KB (perangkat 16 KB). Jika aplikasi Anda menggunakan library NDK, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui SDK, Anda harus membangun ulang aplikasi agar dapat berfungsi di perangkat 16 KB ini.

Seiring produsen perangkat terus membuat perangkat dengan jumlah memori fisik (RAM) yang lebih besar, banyak perangkat ini akan mengadopsi ukuran halaman 16 KB (dan pada akhirnya lebih besar) untuk mengoptimalkan performa perangkat. Menambahkan dukungan untuk perangkat dengan ukuran halaman 16 KB memungkinkan aplikasi Anda berjalan di perangkat ini dan membantu aplikasi Anda mendapatkan manfaat dari peningkatan performa terkait. Tanpa dikompilasi ulang, aplikasi tidak akan berfungsi di perangkat 16 KB dalam rilis Android mendatang.

Untuk membantu Anda menambahkan dukungan bagi aplikasi, kami telah memberikan panduan tentang cara memeriksa apakah aplikasi Anda terpengaruh, cara membangun ulang aplikasi (jika berlaku), dan cara menguji aplikasi Anda di lingkungan 16 KB menggunakan emulator (termasuk image sistem Android 15 untuk Android Emulator).

Benefits and performance gains

Devices configured with 16 KB page sizes use slightly more memory on average, but also gain various performance improvements for both the system and apps:

  • Lower app launch times while the system is under memory pressure: 3.16% lower on average, with more significant improvements (up to 30%) for some apps that we tested
  • Reduced power draw during app launch: 4.56% reduction on average
  • Faster camera launch: 4.48% faster hot starts on average, and 6.60% faster cold starts on average
  • Improved system boot time: improved by 8% (approximately 950 milliseconds) on average

These improvements are based on our initial testing, and results on actual devices will likely differ. We'll provide additional analysis of potential gains for apps as we continue our testing.

Check if your app is impacted

If your app uses any native code, then you should rebuild your app with support for 16 KB devices. If you are unsure if your app uses native code, you can use the APK Analyzer to identify whether any native code is present and then check the alignment of ELF segments for any shared libraries that you find. Android Studio also provides features that help you to automatically detect alignment issues.

If your app only uses code written in the Java programming language or in Kotlin, including all libraries or SDKs, then your app already supports 16 KB devices. Nevertheless, we recommend that you test your app in a 16 KB environment to verify that there are no unexpected regressions in app behavior.

Perubahan yang diperlukan agar beberapa aplikasi mendukung ruang privasi

Private space is a new feature in Android 15 that lets users create a separate space on their device where they can keep sensitive apps away from prying eyes, under an additional layer of authentication. Because apps in the private space have restricted visibility, some types of apps need to take additional steps to be able to see and interact with apps in a user's private space.

All apps

Because apps in the private space are kept in a separate user profile, similar to work profiles, apps shouldn't assume that any installed copies of their app that aren't in the main profile are in the work profile. If your app has logic related to work profile apps that make this assumption, you'll need to adjust this logic.

Medical apps

When a user locks the private space, all apps in the private space are stopped, and those apps can't perform foreground or background activities, including showing notifications. This behavior might critically impact the use and function of medical apps installed in the private space.

The private space setup experience warns users that the private space is not suitable for apps that need to perform critical foreground or background activities, such as showing notifications from medical apps. However, apps can't determine whether or not they're being used in the private space, so they can't show a warning to the user for this case.

For these reasons, if you develop a medical app, review how this feature might impact your app and take appropriate actions—such as informing your users not to install your app in the private space—to avoid disrupting critical app capabilities.

Launcher apps

If you develop a launcher app, you must do the following before apps in the private space will be visible:

  1. Your app must be assigned as the default launcher app for the device—that is, possessing the ROLE_HOME role.
  2. Your app must declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES normal permission in your app's manifest file.

Launcher apps that declare the ACCESS_HIDDEN_PROFILES permission must handle the following private space use cases:

  1. Your app must have a separate launcher container for apps installed in the private space. Use the getLauncherUserInfo() method to determine which type of user profile is being handled.
  2. The user must be able to hide and show the private space container.
  3. The user must be able to lock and unlock the private space container. Use the requestQuietModeEnabled() method to lock (by passing true) or unlock (by passing false) the private space.

  4. While locked, no apps in the private space container should be visible or discoverable through mechanisms such as search. Your app should register a receiver for the ACTION_PROFILE_AVAILABLE and ACTION_PROFILE_UNAVAILABLE broadcasts and update the UI in your app when the locked or unlocked state of the private space container changes. Both of these broadcasts include EXTRA_USER, which your app can use to refer to the private profile user.

    You can also use the isQuietModeEnabled() method to check whether the private space profile is locked or not.

App store apps

The private space includes an "Install Apps" button that launches an implicit intent to install apps into the user's private space. In order for your app to receive this implicit intent, declare an <intent-filter> in your app's manifest file with a <category> of CATEGORY_APP_MARKET.

Font emoji berbasis PNG dihapus

The legacy, PNG-based emoji font file (NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf) has been removed, leaving just the vector-based file. Beginning with Android 13 (API level 33), the emoji font file used by the system emoji renderer changed from a PNG-based file to a vector based file. The system retained the legacy font file in Android 13 and 14 for compatibility reasons, so that apps with their own font renderers could continue to use the legacy font file until they were able to upgrade.

To check if your app is affected, search your app's code for references to the NotoColorEmojiLegacy.ttf file.

You can choose to adapt your app in a number of ways:

  • Use platform APIs for text rendering. You can render text to a bitmap-backed Canvas and use that to get a raw image if necessary.
  • Add COLRv1 font support to your app. The FreeType open source library supports COLRv1 in version 2.13.0 and higher.
  • As a last resort, you can bundle the legacy emoji font file (NotoColorEmoji.ttf) into your APK, although in that case your app will be missing the latest emoji updates. For more information, see the Noto Emoji GitHub project page.

Meningkatkan versi SDK target minimum dari 23 menjadi 24

Android 15 builds on the the changes that were made in Android 14 and extends this security further. In Android 15, apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 can't be installed. Requiring apps to meet modern API levels helps to ensure better security and privacy.

Malware often targets lower API levels in order to bypass security and privacy protections that have been introduced in higher Android versions. For example, some malware apps use a targetSdkVersion of 22 to avoid being subjected to the runtime permission model introduced in 2015 by Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API level 23). This Android 15 change makes it harder for malware to avoid security and privacy improvements. Attempting to install an app targeting a lower API level results in an installation failure, with a message like the following one appearing in Logcat:

INSTALL_FAILED_DEPRECATED_SDK_VERSION: App package must target at least SDK version 24, but found 7

On devices upgrading to Android 15, any apps with a targetSdkVersion lower than 24 remain installed.

If you need to test an app targeting an older API level, use the following ADB command:

adb install --bypass-low-target-sdk-block FILENAME.apk

Keamanan dan privasi

Android 15 introduces robust measures to combat one-time passcode (OTP) fraud and to protect the user's sensitive content, focusing on hardening the Notification Listener Service and screenshare protections. Key enhancements include redacting OTPs from notifications accessible to untrusted apps, hiding notifications during screenshare, and securing app activities when OTPs are posted. These changes aim to keep the user's sensitive content safe from unauthorized actors.

Developers need to be aware of the following to ensure their apps are compatible with the changes in Android 15:

OTP Redaction

Android will stop untrusted apps that implement a NotificationListenerService from reading unredacted content from notifications where an OTP has been detected. Trusted apps such as companion device manager associations are exempt from these restrictions.

Screenshare Protection

  • Notification content is hidden during screen sharing sessions to preserve the user's privacy. If the app implements setPublicVersion(), Android shows the public version of the notification which serves as a replacement notification in insecure contexts. Otherwise, the notification content is redacted without any further context.
  • Sensitive content like password input is hidden from remote viewers to prevent revealing the user's sensitive information.
  • Activities from apps that post notifications during screenshare where an OTP has been detected will be hidden. App content is hidden from the remote viewer when launched.
  • Beyond Android's automatic identification of sensitive fields, developers can manually mark parts of their app as sensitive using setContentSensitivity, which is hidden from remote viewers during screenshare.
  • Developers can choose to toggle the Disable screen share protections option under Developer Options to be exempted from the screenshare protections for demo or testing purposes. The default system screen recorder is exempted from these changes, since the recordings remain on-device.

Kamera dan media

Android 15 membuat perubahan berikut pada perilaku kamera dan media untuk semua aplikasi.

Pemutaran audio langsung dan pelepasan membatalkan trek audio langsung atau pelepasan yang dibuka sebelumnya saat batas resource tercapai

Sebelum Android 15, jika aplikasi meminta pemutaran audio langsung atau offload saat aplikasi lain memutar audio dan batas resource tercapai, aplikasi akan gagal membuka AudioTrack baru.

Mulai Android 15, saat aplikasi meminta pemutaran langsung atau pemuatan dan batas resource tercapai, sistem akan membatalkan objek AudioTrack yang saat ini terbuka yang mencegah pemenuhan permintaan trek baru.

(Jalur audio langsung dan offload biasanya dibuka untuk pemutaran format audio terkompresi. Kasus penggunaan umum untuk memutar audio langsung mencakup streaming audio yang dienkode melalui HDMI ke TV. Jalur offload biasanya digunakan untuk memutar audio yang dikompresi di perangkat seluler dengan akselerasi DSP hardware.)

Pengalaman pengguna dan UI sistem

Android 15 mencakup beberapa perubahan yang dimaksudkan untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten dan intuitif.

Animasi kembali prediktif diaktifkan untuk aplikasi yang memilih ikut serta

Mulai Android 15, opsi developer untuk animasi kembali prediktif telah dihapus. Animasi sistem seperti kembali ke layar utama, lintas tugas, dan lintas aktivitas kini muncul untuk aplikasi yang telah mengaktifkan gestur kembali prediktif secara keseluruhan atau di tingkat aktivitas. Jika aplikasi Anda terpengaruh, lakukan tindakan berikut:

  • Pastikan aplikasi Anda telah dimigrasikan dengan benar untuk menggunakan gestur kembali prediktif.
  • Pastikan transisi fragmen Anda berfungsi dengan navigasi kembali prediktif.
  • Bermigrasi dari animasi dan transisi framework, lalu gunakan transisi animator dan androidx.
  • Bermigrasi dari data sebelumnya yang tidak diketahui FragmentManager. Gunakan data sebelumnya yang dikelola oleh FragmentManager atau oleh komponen Navigasi.

Widget dinonaktifkan saat pengguna menghentikan paksa aplikasi

If a user force-stops an app on a device running Android 15, the system temporarily disables all the app's widgets. The widgets are grayed out, and the user cannot interact with them. This is because beginning with Android 15, the system cancels all an app's pending intents when the app is force-stopped.

The system re-enables those widgets the next time the user launches the app.

For more information, see Changes to package stopped state.

Chip status bar proyeksi media memberi tahu pengguna tentang berbagi layar, transmisi, dan perekaman

Eksploitasi proyeksi layar mengekspos data pengguna pribadi seperti informasi keuangan karena pengguna tidak menyadari bahwa layar perangkat mereka sedang dibagikan.

Untuk aplikasi yang berjalan di perangkat dengan Android 15 QPR1 atau yang lebih baru, chip status bar yang besar dan jelas akan memberi tahu pengguna tentang proyeksi layar yang sedang berlangsung. Pengguna dapat mengetuk chip untuk menghentikan layar mereka agar tidak dibagikan, ditayangkan, atau direkam. Selain itu, proyeksi layar akan otomatis berhenti saat layar perangkat dikunci.

Chip status bar untuk berbagi layar, transmisi, dan perekaman.

Check if your app is impacted

By default, your app includes the status bar chip and automatically suspends screen projection when the lock screen activates.

To learn more about how to test your app for these use cases, see Status bar chip and auto stop.

Pembatasan akses jaringan di latar belakang

Di Android 15, aplikasi yang memulai permintaan jaringan di luar siklus proses yang valid akan menerima pengecualian. Biasanya, UnknownHostException atau IOException terkait soket lainnya. Permintaan jaringan yang terjadi di luar siklus proses yang valid biasanya karena aplikasi tidak sengaja melanjutkan permintaan jaringan bahkan setelah aplikasi tidak lagi aktif.

Untuk mengurangi pengecualian ini, pastikan permintaan jaringan Anda berbasis siklus proses dan dibatalkan setelah keluar dari siklus proses yang valid dengan menggunakan komponen berbasis siklus proses. Jika permintaan jaringan harus terjadi meskipun pengguna keluar dari aplikasi, pertimbangkan untuk menjadwalkan permintaan jaringan menggunakan WorkManager atau melanjutkan tugas yang terlihat pengguna menggunakan Layanan Latar Depan.

Penghentian penggunaan

Dengan setiap rilis, API Android tertentu mungkin tidak digunakan lagi atau harus difaktorkan ulang untuk memberikan pengalaman developer yang lebih baik atau mendukung kemampuan platform baru. Dalam kasus ini, kami secara resmi menghentikan penggunaan API yang tidak digunakan lagi dan mengarahkan developer ke API alternatif yang akan digunakan.

Penghentian berarti bahwa kami telah mengakhiri dukungan resmi untuk API, tetapi akan tetap tersedia bagi developer. Untuk mempelajari lebih lanjut penghentian penggunaan penting dalam rilis Android ini, lihat halaman penghentian penggunaan.